LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 



Shelf ■.W2a.6 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



COMPENDIUM 



-OF- 



ISAA-C PIXlVIiLN'S 




MONOGRAPHS 

By 

R. N. V^ARINO. 



7 



A COMPENDIUM 

1°' 

ISAi^C PITMAN'S 

PHONOGRAPHY 

OR 

PHONETIC SHORTHAND, 



.-^>-y 



^^ a N. VVARING 



'■'Shorthand, on account of its great and general utility, merits 
a much higher rank among the arts and sciences than is generally 
allotted to it. Its usefulness is not confined to any particular science 
or profession, but is universal : it is therefore by no means unworthy 
the attention and study of men of genius and erudition." — Dr. 
Samuel Johnson. 



TYRONE, PA. 
1892. 



-4-=^ 



itbi i K 






[^^^ 



I. 



Entered according to act of Congress, in 

the year 1892, by R. N. Waring, in 

the office of the Librarian of 

Congress, at Washington. 



Printed by The Herald, Tyrone, Pa. Lithographed by Geo. S. Harris & Sons, Phila. 



PREFACE. 

, Several years ago, when compiling a series of lefjsons in Pho- 
nography for some pupils, the thought occurred to me that it might 
be possible to present the principles of the art more concisely and 
systematically than they are developed in the existing text-books. 
Out of this idea, gradually, under numerous experiments, grew this 
Compendium. 

Each topic is here treated by itself, and is so arranged with re- 
spect to the other topics that, together, they constitute a regular syn- 
thesis, leading direct to the ''reporting style." Sections 1-97, 101- 
116, iiyfj; ii8j i^yf' ^2^' 123-129, 130b, cover the Manual 
[''corresponding style"]; and sections 1-55, 59-64, 66-69, loi, 
106, 117I, The Teacher ["learner's style"]. 

It is my design, should the Compendium be favorably received, 

to add, as a sequel, suitable Exercises; so that the two will make a 

thorough and practical course in Phonography. 

R. N. W. 
Tyrone, Pa., March, 1892. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS, 

PART I. 

Pkeltminary Remarks : 

I. Introduction §1-4 

Punctuation 5-6 

Capitals 7 

Figures. . 8 

Writing Materials 9 

Method of Study .... 10 

Speed-Practice 11-12 

PART II. 

Exposition of Phonography : 

I. Phonetic Spelling 13-17 

Phonographic Alphabet 18-37 

Hooks . . . . 38-51 

Half lengths and Double-lengths 52-58 

Loops, Ticks, and the Dot H 59-69 

Form and Position of Outlines ; Omission of Vowels 70-100 

Prefixes and Suffixes roi-112 

Elision of Consonants 113-115 

Grammalogues and Contractions 116-122 

Phraseography ai\d Ellipsis 123-132 

PART III. 

Index 133 



5 

PART !. 

PRELIMINARY REMARKS. 
I. Introduction. 
T. Phonography [from Greek phoftef voice, and graph?, 
writing] is an expeditious, legible, and philosophic system of writing, 
invented by Isaac Pitman, of Bath, England. Its spelling is pho- 
netic. The consonants of its alphabet, which are classified according 
to the nature and affinities of the sounds represented, are so ingeni- 
ously adapted to those sounds as to be suggestive of them and are of 
such simple, geometric form as to combine, in the construction of 
words, lineally, legibly, and fluently, and to admit readily of the 
various hooks, loops, and other abbreviatory expedients employed. 

2. What has been said of the consonants, applies also to the 
vowels. Of the aid of these, however. Phonography is largely inde- 
pendent. Such is the distinctiveness of the consonantal outline of a 
word that it alone is, in most instances, unmistakable, or becomes so 
by being written '*in position," or by the insertion of only the signi- 
ficant or distinguishing vowel. Accordingly, in the reporting style, 
the remaining [superfluous] vowels are dropped. 

3. Further brevity, sufficient to enable the practiced hand to 
keep pace with the most rapid speaker, is secured by the use of special 
signs to represent the common prefixes and suffixes, by the elision of 
obscurely sounded consonants, by the employment of abbreviated 
outlines for the most frequently recurring words of the language, by 
the uniting of outlines [phraseography], and by the omission 
[ellipsis] of particles in familiar phrases. 

4. The three styles [see Preface] differ from each other only in 
the number of abbreviating principles, and grammalogues and con- 
tractions, employed . 

2. Punctuation -Marks Used in Phonography. 



5. Period . . . x 
Interrogation. . . \ 
Exclamation. . . ! 
Dash . . . . .^ 
Parenthesis . . . f ] 



Separatrix [between q. and answer] . 

Hyphen , 

Smile [used only in correspondence] 

Accent [rarely employed] , 

E.g.,i^ Au^ust,u.d Augustf 



Other punctuation-marks, and the underscore, as in longhand. 



6 

6. In following a speaker, full punctuation of the notes is im- 
practicable ; but at least the principal marks [period, etc.] should be 
inserted, or indicated by greater space between the words, especially 
where the sense is influenced by the delivery. E. g.j^xk^A.^^\, 
.might be intended for **1 said he is dishonest, it is true ; and I am 
sorry for it," or "I said he is dishonest ; it is true, and I am sorry 
for it.'' Draw a wavy line below a word or words emphasized, and 

enclose in parenthesis marks of approbation, dissent, etc i/^^ .^- 

'^yO.\S^^^\ (M^*<We must/^^// I repeat it, sir, we must fight." 
[Applause.] 

3. Capitals. 

7. But one set of letters is used in phonography. When nec- 
essary to distinguish an initial letter or a proper name, write ^* = " 
below it : . ! _ ??^^ .T. Moore. 

~ 4. Figures. 

8. The Arabic numerals are ordinarily employed : /^ ^^ S, 4, 
. <^/ ^/ 7 J <^f // 0. For the representation of numbers in which sev- 
eral ciphers concur, the contracted method, § 120, is. recommended. 

5. Writing Materials. 

9. The pen [a fine-pointed one] is preferable to the pencil, 
although the student should accustom himself to the use of both. 
Hold them as for longhand writing. Ruled paper is more suitable 
than blank. Note-books of convenient and portable size, opening 
endwise, may be obtained from dealers in phonographic stationery. 
In using these bcoks, write on one side of each leaf, commencing 
with the first, until the cover is reached ; then turn over and fill the 
remaining pages. 

6. Method of Study. 

10. One or two hours' time applied each day to the study is 
preferable to devoting a greater period at irregular intervals. The 
order of the Compendium should be closely followed, except that a 
few of the more common gramraalogues and phraseograms may be 
introduced gradually^ from the commencement. The beginner 
should draw the phonographic characters slowly, with extreme accu- 



7 
racy, using no flourishes whatever, and should by no means attempt 
the acquisition of speed until all the principles have been learned and 
there has been suitable and thorough drill upon each. On reaching 
§ 69 it will be desirable to review the preceding sections, and, after 
scanning § loi, 106, 117J, to read and re-read one or more^volumes 
in the learner's style. Review again, on reaching § 119, and, after 
noting § 1 2 i-i 30, read one or two volumes in the corresponding style. 
The study of the remainder of the Compendium should be supple- 
mented by writing practice in the reporting style, covering as wide a 
variety of matter as possible, and by the perusal of several volumes in 
the same style. The student is recommended to subscribe for The 
Phonetic Journal, which contains [besides valuable suggestions and 
interesting news] engraved phonography in all three styles, with key 
in common print. A ready means is thus afforded for testing the 
correctness of one's writing, by transcribing the key into phonography 
and comparing the transcript so made with the original. 
7. Speed-Pkactice. 

11. When the course above outlined' has been completed, 
attention may be directed to the acquisition of speed. The best 
initiatory practice for this purpose is the writing of reporting exer- 
cises, newspaper articles, letters, etc., from dictation, the reader 
gradually increasing his pace as the writer becomes more and more 
skillful in tracing the phonographic characters. After a speed of eighty 
words per minute has thus been secured, every available opportunity 
should be embraced for taking notes of addresses, lectures, sermons, 
law-trials, and the like. Single out, at first, the slower speakers, and 
write as many full [or even aifridgedl^ senteuces SiS possible, rather 
than disconnected words or phrases, omitting such senteuces as the 
rate of delivery precludes recording. By degrees, in this way, the 
art of verbatim reporting will be attained. Of course, at least fair 
mental qualifications and average manual dexterity are presupposed 
on part of the writer. Without them, in phonography, as in other 
arts, only mediocre results are possible. 

12. To counteract any tendency towards a sprawling style,cul- 
tivate the habit of writing compactly. What is written should be 
read afterwards, for the purpose of acquiring greater facility in 
reading and to unearth and rectify errors that otherwise might pass 
unobserved. 

Practice and Persevere. 



8 

PART II. 

EXPOSITION OF PHONOGRAPHV. 

I. Phonetic Spelling. § i. 

13. To spell a word phonetically is simply to express, in their 
proper order, the elementary sounds of which it is composed. 



14. Table of Elementary Soun 



[a.] CONSONANTS 





Letter. 


Name. 




P • • 


.p^. . . 




b . 


. be . . . 




t . . 


. . te . . . 


5 

a ■ 



d . . 
ch , . 


. de. . 
. cha . . 


5 


J • 


j5.'. . 




k . 


. ka . . . 




^g • • 


. ga . . . 




f I . 


.ef. . . 




V . . 


. v^. , . 


2 


th. . 

th. . 

s , . 
z , , 


. Uh . . 
. the . . 

. & . . -. 




sh. . 


. ish . . 




zh. . 


. zhe . . 




m . . 
n . . 
^ng. . 

1 . . 
r . . 


. em . . 
. en . . 

. Tng , . 

. el . . . 
. ar . . . 


•5- 


w . . 


. wa . . 





y • . 


.ya . . 



. h 



Sound. 

as in rea/. 
tu/^ 

" ma/e. 

" fee^/ 

" c/iest. 

" >il. 

'' eke. 

'' dig- 

'* thie/. 

" saz/e. 

*' wreaM. 

' ' wreathe. 

* ' same. 

" zone. 

* * cash. 

" pleai-ure. 

" bea/«. 

< ' soo«. 

' ' song. 

'' fai/. 

" iezr. 

' ' want. 

" yet. 

'' hoe. 



ou 
u . 



[i> 



DS. 

] VOWELS. 

as in 'arm. 
'' age. 
«' pFat, 
'< ca^ught.- 



robe, 
shoe. 



at. 

Sdge. 

pit. 

c5t. 

rtib. 

could. 



[c] DIPHTHONGS. 

. . . . as in tile. 

. . . . '* pout. 

. . . . '' tune. 



. . . . " cle;/ster. 

For other diphthongs, 
see §26. 



9 

15- Examples of phonetic spelling : KSlm [common, or 
Romanic, spelling, ^^/w,],far [far] ; am [aim], hwal [whale], shar 
[share], tha [they], kar [care], bat [bait], fad [fade]; pSch [peach], 
v6r [veer}, fB\ [feel], nSl [kneel]; ad [awed], rat [wrought], nati 
[naughty], bad! [bawdy], sat [sought], la [law]; Old [old], bot [boat], 
Cp [ope], dor [door] ; prov [prove], moa [moon], fod [food], wod 
[wooed]; kam [cam], gap [gap], ask [askj; end [end], hw^n [when], 
ech [etch], eb [ebb], ern [earn]; Tl [ill], nimf [nymph], hTt [hit], p"l 
[pill], pTch [pitch]; hwot [what], 6d [odd], noti [knotty] ; iis [us], 
uther [other], stin [sun, son], urj [urge], pur [purr]; wol [wool], 
fot [foot], bgl [bull], wod [would, wood] ; T [I, eye], Ts [ice], ftn 
[fine], AT [fly], td [eyed], mil [mile], pTp [pipe] ; out [out], oul 
[owl], nou [now]; oist^r [oyster], oil [oil] ; tub [tube], fGd [feud], 
pur [pure], duk [duke]; do [dough], kaf [cough], thro [through], tuf 
[tough], plou [plough, plow], hiikup [hiccough], at [ought] ; father 
[father], hating [hating], lather [lather], mSm [many] ; klos [close, 
adj.], kloz [close, v.], ekskus [excuse, n.], ekskuz [excuse, v.], 15d 
[lead, n.],led [lead, v.],mo [mow, v.],mou [mow, n.]; ekla [eclat], 
kwer [queer], vtzhun [vision], lafter [laughter], slater [slaughter], 
soshal [social], ya [yaw]. 

i6. By the phonetic method the irregularities, redundancies, 
and glaring deficiencies of the common orthography are eiTectually 
avoided, the spelling is done with the least possible mental effort, a great 
saving is effected in the number of letters employed, and what has 
been written can be read with unerring accuracy. 

17. **It is with uncontrollable feeling of sadness and shame 
that one turns to the English system of spelling. English spelling is 
the greatest monument of stupidity that the history of languages shows 
us. The notion that words are not letters, but sounds, has been for- 
gotten to such an extent by the English-speaking people ; the con- 
fusion between the relations of sounds and their representatives in 
writing has been carried to such a point, that it would be ridiculous, 
were it not so harmful." — Frederic Garlanda, Ph. D. 



lO 

2. The Phonographic Alphabet, 
1 8. consonants. 

ta.j Single. [b.] Double. 

[For names and sounds, see ? 14a. ] ^^-^ m| 'Nauie. em| as in thnmp. irabae] 

A P *^f ■— m r Ir ' " lev " fowler.^ 



^b V.V - — -a c/hw : " hwa " where.] 

J t v.th s-^ Eg ^ kw [ •■ kwa " quit.] 

Id V th .^~ 1 <■ yw ' •' gwa •• guano, j 

/ ch ; s ^r ~^. T 

/j )z .^-^ II 

g ^zii ^rc^ h 11 

19. The hook of ^ W, ^ Y, is small: ofcX HW. c_ KW. 
w_ GW, large. A coDSonant hooked or looped [as W, <i^ H.etc] 

is termed compound; without either hook or loop, plain: A con- 
sonant not horizontal is oblique. 

20. SLOPE...-^. R,^ W,^T,-^--H.c^-H\V. 30 degrees ; 
-/'- -CH.- -/-. . J._ . : ,H, 6g degrees. The other consonants are 

vertical, horizontal, or slo^je 45 degrees. 

• 21, DIRECTIOX. ^ R, ^ W, ^ Y,^ H. c/ HW, are 
written upward : horizontal consonants, from left to right ; \ P, 
\ B, ; T, I D, CH, / J, ^^ F, V^ V, K TH, 

( TH. ) S, ) Z, J ZH, "^ R, '-J, H. r LR. downward ; 
.'^ L standing alone, upward; J SH standins: alone, downward: 
but in combinations these two consonants may be written either 
direction. 

22. LENGTH. Uniformly about one-sixth of an inch, a^ in 
the examples ; no positive limit. 

23. COMBINATIONS. The consonant or consonants of a 
word constitute its '-'outline." If there is more than one consonant 
in the word, they are usually written connectedly, the second con- 
sonant beginning where the nrst ends, the third [if more than two] 
following the second, and so on. A group of consonants not be- 
longing to any word is also termed an ' 'outline. ' ' Examples: ^>-— f in, 
^-^^ f n, \ p f, V^ p w, ^^^ V w, 'L^ ch w, v^^ f \\y<—i kw, 



II 



'~\gwb,<*^h p, V vk V. — vg, \^ pl>,\ — pk,\^bp, 

/ j j, k k, >— >-^ n n, ^ or^ m sb, !_. or.y~^^\\ n, 

lor l^ ch r, ^ r ch,'X/^r~X..^d?r ^--^ r r,^~^^;v^^ 

mx,/"^ ^r dx In,/""^ or C~^ 1 m, KT or y f I, V^^ ^z- V^ f r, 

V^-'A^r V, .\^ p h, k^ t h, ^ j h ><-r h, Y'^ P ^'' 

V^ V h, / m h, / n h, ^ r h, J -:y ch h, ^ s h o/^ sh h, 

V f lr,Vv p mp,~V-. ory^^ r m, ^^^^^ w m, i^^~^ y m, c/^ hw ni, 

'^ m s,V_^ b n,V_ p k j,/^^\~~^ 1 r m ng. 

24. NATURAL POSITION. Outlines consisting wholly of 
horizontal strokes [consonants] rest on the line:.-^.k, ^~- m,_>w ng, 
.— _^ , . m n,.. __ g g. An outline containing one or more 
oblique strokes is so written that the oblitpie stroke [or first 
such stroke, if more than one] rests on the line, or is very 
slightly above it : X - p, - /" - - 1,"^- -^ - x,-'^- 1 - - h. - c/ . hw, 

.n \,.U.A-\ sh,- -\--th s, 



.V p t, .\ . p ch, \^ b b, ^ n j, 
\. b s, .-/^k 1, VT". _r k,- .^.A sh 
- - c d kw, N^-<^ n r. 



sh,-.-l. k k t ; -V^ 



t n 



.U 



t w 



25. The outline of a word is usually written first and the 
vowels then ^'inserted" [i. e., placed near to, but separate from, the 
outline}. 

26. Vowels and Diphthongs. See % 14b, 14c, 35. 



VOWELS. 


DIPHTHONGS. | 


Long. 


Short. 


Close. 


Dissyllabic. 

[See g 28.] 


W-Series. 


Y-Series. | 


Long. 


Short. 


Long. 


Short. 


a • 
a • 
e . 


- 


a •;- 6 

e -I- fi 

\ L 


T V ;, i- wi* 
1 

1 

lA ou 


•^ z-;^ ^-(oi) 
a'r t-\-r o'r 

61 X7 of 


wa <i> wg 
wa <!> w5 
we *r> wo 


wa CO w3 
we c J' wu 

Wl t|3 WQ 


ya-!- ya 

yav^^ yo 

yewi«yft(u) 


ya -r yo 
yg J. yii 
yT -l'^ yp 



♦Strictly speaking, this is a triphthong, It is classed with diphthongs merely for 
convenience, as what is siaid of them applies to it. 

27. ^;" may be struck at any angle; but the other char- 
acters — except yQ(u) when final preceded by ^-- n, § 36 — must be 
written exactly as shown. 

28. The first element of the dissyllabic diphthongs is a long 
vowel; and the second element may be T [as shown in § 26] or any 
other short vowel. The accent is invariably on the first element. 



12 

29- A vowel placed at the left-hand side of an oblique stroke, • 
or above a horizontal stroke, is read before the stroke ; and a vowel 
placed at the right-hand side of an oblique stroke,, or below a hori- 
zontal stroke, is read after the stroke. 

30. What is here and elsewhere said of vowels also applies 
[unless otherwise ^tated] to diphthongs. 

31. la, ;a, ,a, ;6, written at the beginning of a stroke, 
are termed first-place vowels ; 'la, "^o, 'ie, lii, written at 
the middle of a stroke, arc termed second-place vowels; and J e, 

-''Q> .:h -'Q> written at the end of a stroke, are termed third- 
place vowels. ; T and wT are classified as first-place, and aI ou 

as third-place; but as each of these three signs expresses only one 
diphthong, they may be written in either of the three places. 

32. Examples : -^ Ahn [German grammarian], J shah, 
\ ape, -r- gay, .! eat, "v? fee, '1 awed,<" law, "C oath, 
^ foe, J ooze, — - coo, V add, /edge, /^ ill, I odd, -\ ut,V shy, 

A/ouch, o< wheyey,/^'' Leah, /^ joy, J-' showy, /'aha [§ 73], 
./^^ alloy, ~ echo, **/ ogee, ) assai", .) easy. 

33. Between two full-length strokes, a first-place vowel, or a 
heavy second-place vowel, is written after the first stroke, and a light 
second-place vowel, or a third -place vowel, before the second stroke: 
V^palm, \ patch, X pawed, T dot; "H gate, \ get,t. dome, 
ti^ dumb; /cheap, /chipT^ cooed ,\_' book, \ pipe,~^ cowed; 
*^A^naive,-^ neighing,N^ being, 1 doit,)L^ sawlngj-^-^i^knowinf: , 
c/^ wooing; N/A pulp [§ 70, 71, 75, 79]; ) zouave [zwavj 

V assuage, 1 tweed, ^ bivouac, U- twenty, Li twinge, 
\^ boudoir [§ 76]^^''"^ memoir [§ 89],>L__work,/C J logwood; 
"1^assignat,'<AfoIio,V, feud ,-;^ mania, V_^ Dan iel,<-^^"^ marrying, 
"V^^terior [§ 72]* 1" tedium;/ rearer [§ 78],V^:t^ fire-damp 
[§ 7h94]}^^ Thahash, N Bahama,<2^ Rehum, NeT'^ abhor, 

/^-/'Jehalelel, A^ Jehovah, ~*1 cohere, 3 Sahara, y^ Sheehy, 
-^^W unhitch, i-^ unhook,TZ^ Mohawk, [^ dwell, ^ 



--it</ unhitch, l-^ unhook,"*!!! Mohawk, lV dwell, '\y — thwack, 

^'X^hatchway, c^^^^ whirl,/^^ liquid, c — A^ Guelph, ^ roller, 

^-v. imp, .-^ imbue, N^ bump, \^ bamboo, r^ lump. 



^3 

^- 01ympia,'</ richpV^ aroma, ^^"^ roam, ^^CV woeful, «^^\^ woe- 
fully,"^ gore, — ^gory, oA. whip, c_ " quake,.^ awoke, 

^'''^ Ramsay, vj_-V( unearth, \ pussy, ^^^ enrage, / shawl, 

— ^coolie, — / coolly,^ ear,'S* array, <^ raw, 1^ ch.tyf^\X] be- 
witch [§ 86 ]. 

34. Concurring vowels are written in the order in which they 
come in the word: ^ via, 1 towel [ § 88], V fuel, ) Asaiah 
[2. Chr. 34: 20]. 

35. Mere vowels, without consonants, are placed beside 
a ; or |; as, ; a, *; e. These dotted or unbroken vertical lines are 
known as nominal consonants, and have no specific value. They 
may be employed in such words asXj Reaia [i. Chr. 5 : 5], to 
separate three or more concurring vpwels^or diphthongs. ,, 

36. Initial \ 6, ; a, i T, ■ wT, ; ou, ■ oi, ' wa, ; wo, 
may be joined to a following stroke, and final ^;T, ^: ou, ^j u, to a 
preceding stroke, where a distinct and legible connection is possible: 

^^ albeit, ^ ivy,^^ item, ^ Irish, 1__ Isaac, 1 eyed, I wide, 
\^ wife, /^ owl, ^ oil, >^ war, » — walk,>-v^'-^ wampum, — ^ nigh, 
"T\ endow, V^ few, <^ view,^ ensueTl. endue, — q, cue, queue. 
If a! u is preceded by._^ n, write the diphthong thus: ~-< new, knew. 

37. Foreign consonants and vowels : — 

^^ guttural ch:C^\o<^ [lake],-H ich [German, I],S^u^Bach. 
r Welch // ; /^Y Llanelly. 
^-y' French nasal : ^-^-—t ennui, V^,-^ bonmot. 
French and German vowels thus: "^^ Goethe, li du. 
3. Hooks, 
initial hooks. 

38. R — a small hook on the lower side of k, g ; on the left- 
hand side of p, b, t, d, ch, j; and on the inside of curve strokes. 

39. L — a small hook on the upper side of k, g, and on the 
right-hand side of p, b, t, d, ch, j; and a large hook on the inside of 
curve strokes. 

40. \ pr, *\ br, 1 tr, 1 dr, / chr, / jr, c— kr, < — gr, 
^ or^ fr, ^ ^r '^ vr, C i?r ) thr, C or ) thr, J shr, 



14 

y zhr, «r-s mr, ^_-. nr, %^ ngr, ^^ m| r; pronounced p^r, ber, ter, 
der, ch^r, etc. 

41. \ pi, ^ bL \ tl, ( dl, / chl, / jl, c_ kL ^ gl, 
C^ fl, ^ vl, D or cJ shl [§ 21], <r^ ml,e_x nl; pronounced pSl, 

bel, tgl, etc. 

42. 2^^ Strokes not shown in § 40-41 do not receive I or r 
hooks. 

43. Examples and comparisons: _i_ oak, J— ochre, X pay, 
^ pray, prey, ^^ pear, pair, pare, \y perry [§ 83],'^ brow, 
1 water, 1* tray, -1 odor, iv dry, / etcher, c—^ cry, •< — j agree, 

Coffer, [§ 9I],"^v fry, 'C author, ^ three, :^ usher, ^ washer, 

cK omer,tix owner, \ pop, \^ prop, \^ proper,^>%^ improper, 

^>^ paper, V pepper, \ powder,'^^ quiver, -I, defray, \, better, 

.-^weather, O measure, ^^ wager, ^^^ enricher, _/» shoulder, 

_^^ugar, ;J trader, t. treader, ^ nerve, "\ verb, /_ jerk; 

■\apple, \. plea, 'K. apply, H blow, f addle, ^^ — cloy, JL- ogle, 

"7- glow, c__ clayey, "^^ fly, S- oval, jl" total, H papal, 

X people, 'S babble, \ bubble, ^ twaddle, ^^^ camel, 

rj shovel,\^' bushel, >—><^ impanel, c--'''~«^wimple, (? flourish, 

' S. bluish [§ ^i. Note 2], v^ flannel, ^^^ pliable,) , treacle,- 

^shrivel, 1 treadle, '^ truiviel [§ 71, Note i]. 

■ 44. Intervocalization. A vowel or diphthong may be expressed 
between a stroke and its L or R hook. In such cases '* e ," placed 
on either side of the stroke, is used to denote a dot vowel ; and a 
dash vowel or a diphthong is written through the stroke or at the be- 
ginning or end of it: v^' parley, 1 dark, ^ veraal,% — -pilgrim, 

<:-^hiriing; / George, '^ college, ^. north, ¥?--/^moralr-^*-^immoral 
[§ 90],"' ^■'qualify, ""Y courage, '^clothier,^^^-*- encore, >^=^ shame- 
ful,/'' llecture, t_-<~-e, tranquility. Outlines recjuiring this mode of 
vocalization are comparatively few. 

FINAL HOOKS. 

45. F or V — a small hook on the right-hand side of *;trai,ght 
down-strokes, and on the upper side of other straight strokes. 

46. N — a small hook on the left-hand side of straight down- 



15 

strokes, and on the lower side of other straight strokes, and on the 
inside of curve strokes. 

47. SHON or ZHON — a large hook on either side of straight 
strokes, and on the inside of curve strokes. For this hook after 
circle S, see § 65. 

48. \. pf, \, bf, I tf, I df, I chf, / jf, -^ kf, -- ^, 
^^ rf, o^^ wf, o-^ hwf, c--' yf, ^ or I hf, c^ kwf, c_^ gwf ; or 

yv, \yv, tv, dv, etc. 

49. \ pn, % bn, 1 tn, i dn, ./ chn, J jn, — ^ kn,--^gn, 
^ fn, ^ vn, C thn, L thn, ) sn, ) zn, J or J shn [§ 21], 

^^zhn, ^^ mn, ^_^ nn, -^^ ngn, /^ or (f in [§ 21],"^^ or y^ rn, 
c.-^wn,c.^ hwn, ^^ yn,er^ or / hn,c— , kwn, c-, gwn, ^* «i^"- 

50. "^ of\j p shon,^ or^ b shon, etc.; V^f shon,^ v shon, 
etc. Or p shon, b shon, etc. 

51. Examples and comparisons: . — caWy j-^ cough, ^'^- coffee, 
\, pave,X buff, I" tough, t deaf, /' chaff, -^ rough, c-^- whiff, 
c_:,quaff,«-^v hive [§ 7 3], *H, brave, X trough, ^r^ grave, c_^. cliff, 

t-^deafen,V-^ proven,!—^ traffic,V^'upheave, l^* tariff,'^- nativity^ 
V provide, !• David, -^^^refer [§ 87],'N)«brief,'\». breve [§ 82], 
'V-.paragraph;" \v//<?,\v pine)v^/^////y,N bane, 1" tone, 1" atone, 
J, dean, J* Jane, ^-^ coin, — j^gown, ^ fun, V^vvine, 'J ossean, 
}-zone, ^ ocean, ^ omen,, s_3 non,^ loin,>^^ warn,x' run, >^ urn, 
«/'win,«^yawn,c_, queen, %# prune, X blown, '^^ frown, ^ flown, 
Vshrine, H punish,"^ furnish, V^r^ vanish,!- turbulency,'^^in- 
fringe,/^linear^^/^^illenium'3Vj-r-^Baughman7T ' intwine,<_<<;/''Nor- 
wegian,/^ lounger ,V^ barn [§ 72]; \, passion [§ 92], '\i option, 
L addition [§ 74],^ auction, _3 caution, i-p occasion, v^ fashion, 
Vo vision, -t:^ emotion, '^ elision,--? Russian,^ oration, ^r-ts- impas- 
sion, >-3> ambition, tf^ Hessian, Ci-5equation,''\3 oppression,*. ^■:x:or- 

rection,*.^ — ^collection, \3 aversion,*^ version, sj5^national, 4 ^de- 
flection<Vrevulsion/^^/l-evolution, J* Thracian^^^^ Persian,\P. appa- 
rition, Ld attention, L^ aftenuafion l^ S'j']. 



i6 

4. Half-len^gths and Double-len'gths. 
half-lengths. 

52. A stroke made one-half its full length indicates the addi- 
tion of T or D: 

[a.] T generally to light strokes standing alone and not" 
finally hooked. E. g., I //>, w tight/iv /ry, i, trite, ^ pate, -^ prate, 
V plate, plait,-- eked, ■ chat, c_. quote, ^- whet,- \vit,.r- heat [§ 73], 
^ fat, .) east, ^ shut, -.« fright, ^ affright, 

[b.] D generally to heavy strokes standing alone and not 
fi]T ally hooked. Y^.g.\ebb, vebbed,*^ bray\^ brayed, braid, v blade, 
1, dried, c grade, ^ glued, y aged. 

[c] Either T or D, if finally hooked or joined to another 
stroke. E. g., y chant,j- toned, v bind, v blunt, s bland, :n coined, 
s. event, J. shunned, -^ trained, da drowned, ^' faint, feint, '^ feigned 
[§ 82], 'S front, ^ affront;^^-* repined,~>^occupied,V- packed,-^- — -fact 
[§ 81], ^' chopped, '\/^//^//,v5 fate,>ViZ/f [^ 89a, Note],<^writing. 

53. Half-length ' M, N, L, R, NO, Ml , when hooked, 
represent the addition of either T or D: -^ mint,,^ anoint, - lined, 
^ honored,-:*-- murmured, -^ arrant,--^ remind [§ 80], r-^ rampant, 

<^rampart,/^"limbered,^ impend,-;, ambient. ^;^^— M,— N,/^L, 
^ R, not hooked, are halved for the addition of T only : ^ mate, 
~v night, knight,^ knelt, /; alight, .> art: and these strokes are thick- 
ened to express D: ^ made, maid,^ aimed, ^ end, V old,^rr nailed, 
j> aired, ^.^ annoyed. Plain ^Mi ,^ NG, (^ I.R, are not halved. 
r LD is always written downward. 

54. Examples and comparisons: \. peat, i. treat,! treaty,'', tread, 
j tide, f debt, 1 dead, v bid,\ body,^ obeyed, -^^ count,— ^ Ken net, 

~^^^//«/>',/f^loft,'^A browned,-; create, -i around, -% round, t/ aunt, 
^ owned, ^ mat,^ mud,w omit,vr amid,^ lot, '/-ailedv^inert,^ oared. 

y^raid,(^ /b/V/,<^hammered,<c'^ hampered, <^^ coward, n^ papered. 

\ peppered,"^ clubbed,"^ murdered, V potato, ?< effrontery,^ ener- 
getic,lA- advocate; •^^ beatitude, t-p dedication, t^ deduction, .^^ in- 
tendant, — \ kindred, /^~^ learned [v.], r-^ learned [adj.], 
-a., midnight, U twilght,^ verdict, ^--- vertical,^^?^' voluntary ,C<^ vol- 



17 

unteer,^^-^" Fortune [-ydbn],--^ Rupert,/^^ report [§ SyJ.'^^V^ un- 
paralleled [§ 89b, Note]. 

55. ) ST may be written upward after shon-hook, when it 
cannot be struck downward: T adoptionist, C-S elocutionist. 

DOUBLE-LENGTHS. 

56. Any curve stroke, or any straight stroke finally hooked or 
not initial, made double its usual length indicates the addition of r 
[to^^NG,^^ Ml , only], fer, der, or ther. Examples and com- 
parisons :^ Wd?z£/ [v.],y moU, tnoat,, ^x<\o%ox,C^ laugh ^C^ laughed^ 

/^^laughter, "^^fie, ^^^ fight ^ v_v fighter, *v^v^//^, ^.v find^ fined S^ finder, 
^. flee, flea, Q.' fleet, ^^ttttr, ^ father, ^ shatter, \ Easter [§ looa], 

i theater, \ zither,^ ^ neuter, ^ — - meter, metre, ^ — ^ meander, 

^ ^anointer, {- thunder,'^ offender, "^^^^ flatter, v — -martyr, 

^^^. murder, vl^ flounder, /(f^ Leander,--^''^^^ reminder [§ 80], 

L- — r^augmenter, |^ defraud er, ^ inventor,v-i-^ pumper ,>^—.^ amber, 

. — simpounder,'""^V' orderly; \ pla?i, \ plant, 'x. planter,S planetary, 

I chanter, V painter,X,^printer,V blunder, ^--^rafter, <=^^yonder, 

^^--^ hunter, /* charter [§ 93],--^ curator,/ rectorTv.-— erector, 

\-<____ banqueter, -C-^ — protector,/ *~^Richter,*^ — r-^ frequenter, 

L^^twitter,> recorder, ,1_._- director, ^^^ a factor [§ 81]. 

57. Double-length L, standing alone, is confined to the repre- 
sentation of Itr : /^ letter, /^ loiter, \^alter, altar. Write leader, 
leather, alder, etc., thus:/^,/! ,v^, etc. 

58. Intervocalization. Plain double-length strokes are inter- 
vccalized like initial hooks [§ 44]: V^- feature, L^_4.adventure. 

5. Loops, Ticks, and the Dot H. 

LOOPS. 

59. [a.] Sor Z. A small circle, when initial, represents S; and 
when medial or final, either S or Z. Initially and finally, it is 
placed to the f-hook side of straight strokes, where no hook or other 
element interferes, and to the inside of curve strokes: >^opefK soap, 
\ /^i^/jNT; boys, I. ^/<?^<'/, t. deeds, :-- ^^/, -^acts, ^ cat, -^ cats, \v spy, 
\=vspites,<-> matters,* — -smatter,< — ^ smatters,--^^ rose, /^choose,^^ plies, 
^praise/'No oppress,<i3sign, sine [§ 93],_:.«x,\_^asks,o^wise,''^worse, 



r8 

\i^ abhors, (—^. quiz,o^- whiz, .^ seraph, o>^ surf,c^:^ Cyrus, er^harrows, 
V spire,) aspires, X seeds,*^^ scared, w^ scholar j-^searcher,*^ sur- 
render, L' 'twas, II twice, «^scant,^ scanned ,X poetSjN po^etess [§84]; 
.C save,C voice, «^ send,«i3soon,<i^snow,'^ sinew, /^lease,/^ lees [§ 82], 
(T^soul, sole,^slow, J shoes, a/sashes,si saint,<s^ sound, '9\ surd,'v^offers, 
^ phrase, L authors^ X thrice,^ sire,<r^ salv^alionists,p^ galUess, 
J sand wichj^v madness,'/ Sosthenes ;\evspice,*\spicy,') asps,Xo pus, 
^ hates [§73]. ^- _ •-'■ 

[b.] Between two straight strokes, where no hook or other 
elf ! lent interferes, it is written on the side of the greatest angle, or 
on the f-hook side if both strokes are in the same line :No beseech, 
■^ proceed ,/^isk,'"-"iO cor respondenceX^ subsequent, l-rxtelescope ; 
^'^^reserve,^ decided,Lfc„ zigzag, "x perception,—^ exact [§ 96]. 
Between a straight stroke and a curve .stroke, it is placed on the 
inside of the curve stroke ; and between two curve strokes, on the 
inside of either: \ppacify,S^ basin, X suicide, ^^ deceived j""^**"!: mis- 
quotation,! disorder, ^^3^ censoriously, Aelasticityf'Nf^misbehave, 
V^parsle/jV?^ spuriousness, ^ syzygy, V^^ viceroy J"^^^- unscholarly 
[§ 89b, Note] ; *v^ facetious,-^ illusive,'^ Messrs. [Messieurs], 
y^voiceless;-;-^ mason^V, massive,^! facility. 

[c] Initially, it is attached to straight strokes with R hook, and 
finally to straight strokes With N hook, by substituting the circle for 
the hook: \v^r>'r^'Spry,'X supper, v1 eider, \ cider,*] satyr, r stray, 
o— ^ screw, 'X sober ,'^^ CypruSj'X sprain, V strovej-^v sprite, > sobered, 
\. streets, T stratagem; \ bone,^ bones, y attain, i* attains, J dance, 
-T»guns,<^.queens,</' chains, 3 trance, ^5 blains,e/ joins,-r^canes,/c'runs, 
o-^ wince,c.--«.wins [§ 82],c^^whence,<r^' hunters, «—^ skins, --^cleans, 
'^ sprains, J* strains,o— jscreens,-^^j:^enhance, -^-5'''^' Nazarenes,--^resi- 
dence. It is expressed medially with R hook, between strokes in the 
same line, by writing iton the R-huok side:\ prosper,— o-^ excur- 
sionist,^ bowsprit, J distrusted. <r—skr,r-sgr, after 1 1, 1 d, are written 
thusit-^ discourage, irr^ disgrace, \ — tasker. When used with hooks 
in cases other than those above cited, both circle and hook must be 
expressed : '^ supply,\s paves;*^ oppressions,^^ ablutions, X sable, 



19 
y^irebuffs, p settled,lr toughs, p saddled,lj additions,lj doves,^sicicle, 
a-3skiffs,S)auctiQns,Lpoccasions, %. suffer, Vav fines,^ fashions, ^civil, 
R. severed,^ vanes;Vo ovations, (i thence, e) sessions, ^'zones, «^ shines, 
'^^associations, «?S summers, <» minds,^missions,«0 sooner, ^.^ nuns, 
^.^^.monitions, ^silence;^ solutions,^ roughs,^ rations,'"^* orations, 
«>» wafts,rf^ Hessians,c^equations,c-s quaffs, "^ splits, <X sway, V squall, 
/* satchel ,«-» school, \- splendor; ^possibleT*! extra, L disciple,igi^dis- 
honor,^'^nsom/^ lonesome,o^ whisper ,Ljdisclose7^expressible, 
/T^lancerj'-i^-iunscrewy^^unswathe. Between^/H and a preceding 
stroke it is expressed by enlarging the circle of the H : oT dis- 
hearten. See § 64-65. 

60. SWAY, a large circle, used initially on straight strokes 
without initial hooks or loops, and initially with R hook on straight 
strokes, like circle S :.r sweet, suiie,^ sweeter, /switch/r'swag'ger, 
QJswoon,^ swept, v^ swifter, v^ suavity. 

61. SES, SEZ, ZES, or ZftZ, a large circle, used medially 
[where no hook or other element interferes], finally on strokes without 
final hooks, and finally on straight strokes with N hook, like circle S: 
^excessive,^^^possessive,^-P^ necessary/i necessity;\Dbases,-^*-9 ex- 
cuses, c) assizes,*^* phrasesfS prances, --^td cleanses,c/^vinces5^Vmisspel, 
^^mac€;s,'^ mazes [§ 82,]No pauses,^ possess [§ 87]. It may be 
intervocalized [i. e., some other vowel substituted for the e] by 
placing the vowel sign within the loop, but no distinction is made as 
to vowel place :LoTexas,V^ vicissitude, ~l. exhaustive,-n5ilb exosmosis , 

P_<^olossus7-^ emphasizing. 

62. ST or ZD. ST, a small loop one-third the length of a 
full, stroke, used initially and finally, where no hook or other element 
interferes ; also initially with R hook, and finally with N hook, on 
straight strokes — like circle S:'\ stop,\ stab ,j stood ,'^ slaked ./^stoves, 
c^^:.^ steaming,ir^ stamper, «:ii-- stain, ^^-^ sting, J^ stolen,^ starter, 

-=> stirred,*^ storied,-^ stints,^ stained;^ paste ,^- beast, V tossed, 
/unjust,^ thirst, Cathirst, ). cyst,*^ versed,-^ embossed, -<^ rest, wrest, 
"^ erst ,^ west, c^ yeast, (T'stylist;/ stage, */ stager ,'\ stopper, i- stag, 
c»— stagger ,<^^vinced, / chanced,N.^bounced,\ pranced,^-* rinsed ^1 en 



20 

tranced ;^ rust,^.rus/y, ^ russet, j stewed, I studio [§ 85]. It is 
used medially in a few words, thus:^Vartistic>>^^ pugilistic, ^Justify, 
'"T-^andlestick. After two or more strokes it represents also ZD : 
"^N^ proposed,--.-: excused ,"< posf,<o /^j^^/,^<reposed. 

63. STER, a large loop, two-thirds the length of a full stroke, 
used finally and [rarely] medially, like loop ST:*^ poster^ punster, 

^-scloister,^ fester,%^ songster, V spinster,'^ pastor")^ pastry^ pasture-, 
<^Chesterfield. 

64. Circle S final, after another loop, is written thus :-^ exer- 
cises,*^ posts, "t!) punsters,'^ posters,^ fosters, Qo sequesters ,>«:*' nests. 

65. SHON-ZHON hook, after circle S, is expressed by a small 
hook. A vowel between them,, if first-place or second-place, is 
written before the hook: and if third-place, after [§ 2 9] u-3» musician, 
J cessation, i transition, Q^ civilization, ^-^ imposition,'^, positional, 

\ possessions,-^^—- ««)anne.xationJst. 

TICKS. 

66. H / [lower part off], used initially wfth"^ R, ) S, ) Z,x-^, 
^Ml, up^L ; and initially with'\PR,NBR, 1 TR,1 DR, / CHR, 
; JR,C/THR,()THR:^hair, hare,wniardly, ) hiss ,v/- history,^ huz- 
zaing, >-. ham,>-s hempen,/! healthful, V^hyperbola,\' Hebrew, 

,1r hydraulic, 1 hedger, ) hither,/" hull, Y'ahull. 

67. W, a small curve, used before ^M,.^MI, — K, — G,^ L: 
T!-,iwoman, 2^' washerwoman [§ 36],xj_wake,.^'i~"«z£^^/^*?,^ weakened, 

t_,wagon, 2^wail,-iinunwilling,v wallet^^ Walter, ^woolen ,A William. 

68. HW, a large curve or hook, used only before upward L : 
C wheel ,^-^narwhal. 

DOT H. 

69. A light dot, before a vowel followed by a stroke, prefixes H: 
C-,blockhead,c-i^warehouse^/*^Bu^nhalI{7^mishap,L_^ecahedral, 
r^ elsewhere, .— /^ gi rlhood,^~?\ grasshopper,--^undredth j^^K^crepre- 

hensible,V^ upholsterer. 
6. Form and Position of Outlines ; Omission of Vowels. 

FORM OF outlines. § 2. 

70. The essentials of a good outline are fluency, lineality, 
legibility. 



21 



FLUENCY. 

71. Avoid blunt angles and straggling or cramped combi- 
nations; in short, reject any grouping that does not properly combine 
brevity with ease of writing : 

./rV>aJarm,V^ assail, ^only,>^earth,''^ origin; not ^^^^^ J — ' ^ / 

'*V(j>^ofl&cer, ^^^Lphilosopher,^^'-'— ^categorematic; not ^>^_^^ ^^"Vy ^"''^^ ^— - 
— ^ciirrency\C^ brilliancy,''^ month,"^. Monday; not-Z^V^ '^ 'Z] 
) sausage, J." siesta, 3=^ Cicero, j~ sustained; not y / i^ / 

NApump,/^ hole, whole, /'^ aloof, K_^ blanched; not \— n,^ ^ Q_ ^ 
,.-<^ rover .^^^..r— Frank, Tl hawk,<r^ heathen, -"^^ chagrin; not---''^'\^^ — / ?^ 
X^ •eternallyf"^ T Mc.Donnel, C^ channel, V vaginal; not i^'^^5-^ C^, ^ 
♦Note l.c^ NL in noTused after I T, I D, / CH,/^ J. 

^ ♦♦blush'N^ brush, V pluBh,V^. precious, %7 cash, 17 dash; notV'Njv>'^_Jj 
**Note 2. See g 74, in which the same general principle is involved. 

\ si)aciou8,4r suspended j'^^ implanted; not \J »s. ^^—1 
'^<J,,printed,*V_^ brandied, V-, eternity, \ blxmted; not *^ *^ J ^^-1 

72. R, following one 30° stroke [§ 20, 78], is written upward: 
.---^ wire, ^--"^ wiry, ^'^ yore, <-^ where, -^ rendered, 
Y*^ wandered, v-'"^*^ warriors. Likewise, final R hook-N, is written 

upward, after a stroke: -j^^ morn^baron,V^ Assyrian. 

73. In words containing no other consonant, H is written 
downward : ?• hay, 7^ ahoy. If it is half-length, double-length, 
hooked, or \oo^t6., and standing alojie, it is written upward: ^^ hen, 
<r hot, tf"^ hinder [v.],^^ heft, ^ hawse. 

74. SHON-rZHON hook, on a straight stroke initially hooked 
or looped, or springing from a curve, is written on the side opposite 
the hook, loop, or curve, in order that the straightness of the stroke 
maybe preserved in rapid writing:*\3 abrasion [not'^],/''^'^^ recre- 
ation,o^'''^circulation,-=-'»-^execution,-^T^ execration, *^^ section, 
o-^ secretion, ~J* exudation, W^* adhesion,"^ cohesioUj'^^-s;^ vacation, 
'^^''^locationj-^a— >-^^ incineration,Nx^persuasion. For a like reason, 
this hook is placed on the rie:ht-hand side of plain 1 T, I D, /CH, / J: 
/ agitation<^'"^endition7ly magician. "^Applies also to repeated 
straight strokes, the first of which is initially hocked or looped, or 
springs from a curve: "Nv probation^~^<-^—,ry inculcation. See % ^2. 

LINEALITV. 

75. Where it is equally practicable to use either an upstroke or 



22 



a down-stroke, a horizontal stroke or an oblique stroke, that one 
should be employed which will cause the least departure from the line: 
Wbarbaric,> antedate>A bulb ; not V^^^ ^ ^ 

76. In long outlines, R final, after two or more descending 
strokes, is usually written upward iV prepare,Ao .Shakspeare ; 



not 

77? Divide an outline which otherwise would contain three or 
more concurring plain down-strokes in the same line :X\ bopeep, 
K dated; not \ \ 

This principle-may^also be applied in other cases where it would 
be manifestly advantageous:/\<-7%hippopotamu3 [not^^V Jj'X^pru- 
<iently,-=r-^Keokuk. ^ 

78. R, following/RR,cXwR,<r^YR, ^HR,c/h\VR, is 
written downward: -^^''^ rarer. 

LEGIBILITY. 

79. No outline is admissible which cannot be vocalized or 
which includes an element that cannot be both easily and accurately 
expressed : 

^"indiajV^ failure ,^^\ map,c/ ^awaken; not ^ ^ ^^ " — ^ 

) ask, / juicyT"^ cafe", S progenitor ; not a — I — ' *^ 

Ji^ assignable ,^^v_^ vanity ,'\'Tv^4)ermissible ; not ^ V n^-^ '' 
^ gash,<_/1''quarto,^<^visibie,L\^ashionable; not- — ^ ^ N. ^^ 
^ shiver, ^~''^. ninety, .^''"^ Henry Ns^pitchfork [ ? 77].; not «A^^ '^^-^ 

80. An angle must always be made between half-length or 
double-length M or MI and a preceding 30° stroke: -^^ remit [not 
y^\^ roamedj'-'^'^^remainder. Note. — In .^^ ram, ^ ^ yam, 
^^^ remain, etc., no angle, the R should be well sloped, that the 
outlines -may be distinct from /r~ latter, etc. 

81. No half-length or double-length can precede or follow 
another stroke, unless the junction is indicated by an angle, hook, 
loop, or difference in both thickness and direction : \ kicked, 
*^^^-^ effect, X probed ,^~^ quarter,L_^ defender, '^~^. minute 

[n.]; not vj. \ *^^ — >^ I . — .^ Compare with-xcapped, Slatted, 

'N^prodded,c_yquart,vt-^ fomenter,S>^ blubbered ,'\ prospered, ^feared, 
r-^card,^arrived,v^-s named,/^ allured. Note. — Double length 
N, NG,* after downward r L, are allowable: <C^ alienator. 

82. Where precision of sound is requisite, write V-hook heavy 
to distinguish it from F : compare.-^ waif, <^ wave. Deal similarly, 



23 

under like circumstances, with ZHON-hook; also with loops Z, ZD, 
ZEZ : compareX, pace,"^ pays;^ rents,^ rends; ^ faces}^ phases. 
Likewise, when necessary, a final hook on a light half-length or 
double-length stroke may be thickened if D is to be added: compare 
Nj paint, V pained; -^ renter, y^ render. 

%2,' Conform as closely as feasible to the syllabic division of 
words [SYLLABICATION] : ^ plater, V^ pelter,Vl. poultry ; 
\9 aptness,^ pettiness, % pittance,"^, potency;^ play,V^pale, pail; 
V^burn,'S bran,\j^. briny, S^ barony ; <; plat,V palette, pallet, 
Vlpolity, %_Plato. This is not only natural for the writer, but 
obviously renders an outline more legible — in many cases serving the 
important purpose of distinguishing, by a difference in form, words 
containing the same consonants in the same order. For particular 
applications of this principle, see the nine rules following. 

84, Stroke S is sometimes used for the syllable <?^j-, us^ or {e)ous: 
compare -ft counts, 7 countess;'^princes,'V_;. princess; 'X^^ ponders, 
\. ponderous. 

' 85. I STD [one stroke] is reserved for monosyllables: compare 
\ stud, I study; \ stead, j steady. 

86. ■ In strongly accented syllables, or between two vowels, the 
stroke forms of W, Y, H, are ordyiarily preferable: t^adhere'[not"L], 
V^'^beware,^ Bohemia, k''^^ hallelujah, X«<^ Bayonne. 

8*7. A strongly accented vowel, or two or more cbncurring 

vowels, should be followed by a stroke rather than by a hook, loop, 

or intervocalized element. Compar^sAipervious [not*\J,'N. previous, 

V''^~^'fersecutor,Sr-^--4)r()secutor,>v^embarrassr*X> embrace,--^ impe' 

rious,""No impress ;V3*s^funereal, V* funeral ; S^ severe'', ^ sever ; 

/Vfebel'J/'\ rebel [n.] ;w^ impel' "Sample \\>^ divorce, J divers ; 

N/prefer' n>^ proffer; l^defer^ ,^differ;*<^ affiance, W fins;)y,science, 

a) assigns \^ heroine, c"^* heron \^ graduation,^~\j gradation*, 

J situation, J* station ; "1 intuitionTTl) notation ;/L retort'^Tetreat ; 

^quiet, c^ quit;^ entire'-^^enter; I situate, f sitit;") assiduous, 

} acids;'nChios,-^case;'\ prowess [§ 84], "Noa prows; "*-Xemployees, 

'S^ employs; % precise,'ND presses. 



24 

88. In outlines consisting of /^ L and a preceding straight 

stroke, the/' I. is written downward if two vowels precede it and 

none follow: \ Powell [notV], \ trowel, <f royal [^ royally, 
§89b]. ' ^' 

89. When not inconsistent with § 71, 72, 76, 78, write initial 
and final L and R thus : 

[a} INITIAL. — Upward if no vowel precedes and downward if 
a vcwel precedes ; this applies also to R standing alone :/^^^ lame, 
^ elm;^like,^ alikej/^'^limbo,^ alembic ;0' long, 0^ along; 
z^" line, <i align j/'^rumT^^-^Urim ;/<^ range, "^ arrange; ^- rive, 
'S^rrivej-.-^elevantX^ irrelevant [see § 90] ;/^"resolute7^- irreso- 
lute ;/\reduce, -a^ arduous [§87] ;^ ray,'~^ air, ere, heir ; ^ rained, 
reigned,-^* arraigned ;^' rise, ^ arise ;/1 red, read,-> erred ; /\ 
rat,/! rats. Note. ^ RT, ^ RTS, are used only in combinations of 
strokes; as, standing alone,, they would clash with certain gramma- 
logues and phraseograms. 

[b.] FINAL. — Downward if no vowel follows and upward if a 
vowel follows: V full,Vr fully ;^ rail, <^ rally; T skill, «-^sickly ; 
. > furl]V^ furlough ;' ^car, =-/carry -^^^ — ^nioneer^^^--^penury•, '"X,^ 
arrear,'"V-orrery ,^^ myrrh, -^^"Merai ah; *^ sore, soar,<^ Sarah;*^ 
store, c'^' story. Note/^ L may be written upward following or pre 
ceding^ L, r LD, (^ LR : ^^scholarly,V vilely, -^malleolar, Vr 

paralleled .'^-^ baldly. 

90. Double the first consonant of negatives of words that be- 
gin with L, M, N, R, and to which §89 does not apply : /National, 

X^irrational ;j-Y"'^<3rtal-pcp^immortal ;/"^]egal,/^'^Triegal ;"^.noticed, 
"W^ unnoticed ;"T\noble7'~"^ en noble ;'^ modest/~~i' immodest, 

91. Of the two one-stroke forms for FR, VR, THR, THR, in 
words containing no other slroke the reverse is used where no vowel 
precedes and the other where a vowel precedes : '^* fray, ^ affray ; 
Vthrow, throe, J ether ;'^ verse, Vo averse ; 5. effort,^ fret. 

92. SHON-ZHON hook on a straight stroke, in words not 
coming under § 74, is written on the side opposite the accented vowel: 
-O action,— ^ cushion;'^ predictionj'N predii:ation;X^ apportion, 
'\A opera'tion;,_^corrosion',-i^coercion;l___3decoction; ^Egyptian. 



25 

93- Words that are similar should be similarly written 
[ANALOGY]:^^^ sorry ,V^ saurian; ^ earn, ^horn^ stern; Vbar, 

V barter; 'Vopera,'V^operator; C. fall, "y falchion;VC/'viola)C/^ vio- 
lation,^- violin; V^ parry, V^ Paris ; ^ far, "^ farce ; V burr, bur, 

V burst;^ Sabian,'J sudden, I satin ; ^ potion,^ fusion, d cession, 
session [not^]. Words like sea^, seize, seen, etc., follow the^analogy 
of seethe, seek, etc.; words like stave, stone, stet, etc., the analogy of 
stake, steam, etc.; words like cease, sauce, etc., the analogy oi piece, 
etc.; and words like stand, etc. , the analogy of skinned, spanned, ttc , — 
thus: f seethe, o^ seek, ( said,''f sawed, D seize [not i],I seat [not ). ], 
'O'Seen, scene [not j. ];=^ stake, steak,cr^ steam, ^ stave [notu ], f stet 
[not p ],^^ stone [not J'-];\>- peace, piece, }. cease [notD ], ) sauce; 
G, skinned, <i" spanned, J*" stand [not^i^]. 

94. Derivatives and compounds should conform to primitives 
[DERIVATION]: .<^ yoke, ^^i/^ unyoke ; y fill, ^ filler ;/^jail, 
/jailer; /rallow,vr^allowance [§ 87];yrally,./C^alliance; '^election, 
C-^^ electioneer; '^prone,'>x^proneness;^^noun,"<^^ pronoun; X sigh, 
<),sighs;^^mount,'>^mountain; - guide,T^ guidance;"!. gidd)vL> gid- 
diness;°~>\sour,'7^ sours; W sorrow, 'o^ sorrows. Compare y^ resign, 
/^^ reassign ;^ reaper, /^ reappear ;V^perusing>>y)^ pursuing. 
Note I. Under this rule comes also the past tense of regular verbs: 
^fell, V felled; ^v follow,^ followed j-^-^ rear, /^ reared;.^ stem, 
^stemmed;^ stun, <»^ stunned; -v^cuff, -^cuffed; -I sate, •?■ sated;^ stutter, 
-1 stuttered ;>/urge, >^ urged ;vV^mark,^-y~marked ; Xa pounce, 
Vpounced ; i;^dispose, i^^disposed ;/^ raise,^ raised ;\r-^belong, 
NCIbelonged. Note 2. But greater or less deviation is of course 
necessary with some words to avoid violation of other more important 
rules:^. part,V parted; L addict, L_^ addicted ;°Vsprawl,'^ sprawled; 
V-bail,bale,> bailed, baled; /.-^loll,/^ lolled [§ 89b, Note]; [tender, 

I tendered ; 1 dread, 1+ dreaded ; c — ^ quicken, c -^quickened ; 

,w nod,^-i nodded; ^^^ mutter, -^ muttered; Hi blister, S^ blistered; 
^brand,Vi.branded;Xafford,</^afforded;Vv^admire;U>fadmiringly; 
.^^ mention ,^^^mentioned;/r^]ance,/.'^-^lanced;\ — .pamper, \ , pam- 
pered; -^^ pound, ^^ impound; ^^nine^^ ninefold; / jewel, A"^ jewelry. 



2(i 

Note 3. Where no more important principle is involved, choose 
that form for a primitive which will best adapt itself to the various 
derivativesro^^^certain [noto'1],o>Ycertainly,^-i-9^ uncertainty, etc.; 
_J^ cumber [not— -^], -~^ cumbered. 

95. Arbitrary forms. To avoid ''clashing," write ^//<?^r, ////-<?, 
Mrs.^ reverence, needless, thus:-^^ueer [compare with"~~>\ clear], 
\/pure, [V poor], '"^ Mrs. [^ Misses]<V^everence [-^'^^reference], 
^ySeedless [y endless]. Derivatives of the foregoing are written like 

the primitives ; as, — c^ ' queerness [ ^"X., clearness], V^ purely 
[\ poorly]7lV^ needlessly [y endlessly]. 

96. X, variously pronounced ks_ or gz, is uniformly written 
^KS: -^ existed. 

97. Some words admit of but one possible form of outline 
[e. g., ^fife,ll.dog] ; and there are few which may, with perhaps 
equal propriety, be written more than one way. 

POSITION OF OUTLINES ; OMISSION OF VOWELS. 

98. An outline distinctive in FORM, or which the context 
renders unmistakable, is written on the line [i. e., natural, or second, 
position; § 24] and the vowels usually omitted:SL^. Philadelphia, 

VT^ parlor ,"n,- .anticipate,X^. .ordinary, ^<X. -regime,'S^- abstinence, 

• "^"^ • 

A. beautiful, beautifully {^C^^ Outlines of rare or unfamiliar words 

should however be vocalized. 

99. An outline not distinctive in FORM, or which the context 
does not render unmistakable, is written above the line [first position], 
on the line [second position], or through the line [third position], 
according as its vowel, or accented vowel if more than one, is first- 
place, second-place, or third-place. In this case, also, the vowels 
are usually omitted: .!?- -faction, .^rrp - affection, -V- --fiction ;-V topple, 

• _ J. tipple ; _ . . _ .chine,- y. .chain,- -/.. chin ; -~r- jangle,. ^-*r^. -jungle, 
./^. jingle; -'TT^ wipe, -'^.-. wiped; -^-weep,i-^- wept ;-'S*='-. absent'^ 

-TV. absent; ^T^- tamper, W^ - temper, j^-^^.timber, timbre; falter, 

V^filter ;S'- .vaunter,^ .vender ;-S-- softer,.^, sifter ; slander, 

.^f^slender,./^?. cylinder. Note. — Insert the distinguishing vowel or 
vowels in outlines which, if left entirely unvocalized, would clash : 
.V - adapt, _^ . adopt; r^. apposite,'^f . opposite; ^.liar, lyre,'rT^ . lawyer; 
'-V . obsolete, . X absolute. 



27 
lOO. EXCEPTIONS TO § 98 99. 

[a.] Double-length p, b, ch, j, and double-length vertical strokes, 
take only the third position [i. e., through the line]: -77\^ captor, 
-\^ .bounder, J. .thither, - ^- engender. 

[b.] Both the second and third position for outlines consisting 
only of horizontal and half-length strokes, or whose first oblique 
stroke is half-length, is ''on the line" :.r^-r-z)-C0unters,>y^. boundary, 
i;,.flint,.x.dri ft, ,,.^9^r-.excuse, ^particulate.. 

[c] Regular derivatives usually take the position of the primi- 
tives; and compound words whose parfs are united, the position of 

the first ^arf :.^. . honor, honorary; rTT". matter, ^r:^. material, 

immaterial; .c/TT". . whereinto', c^'^T^ . whereunto'! 

[d.] Grammalogues and contractions are not vocalized, and a 
few are written out of proper position to avoid clashing or for 
convenience. 

7. Prefixes and Suffixes, 
prefixes. 

loi. CON or CUM, denoted by a light dot, or by writing the 
remainder of the word under, or near to, the preceding word : 
.^-.commentator,.-^ concussion, — d connection, con nexibn;/^^ such 
conditions. Medially, either CON, COM, COG, or CUM may be 
expressed by writing the last part of the word under, or near to, the 
first part-./G? recognition, "-^ incumbent,''^fA reconcilablyj^^^ irrec- 
oncilably, ^ accommodate [employ stroke — K in words commencing 
with accom'\. See § 115a. 

102. IN, a small hook, used only with'N SPR, 1 STR,,^— SKR, 
<j^7H: \) inspiration,!, instruct,*-^ inscribed,Z-jnhuman,/Trl inherit. 
Cannot be safely employed in negative words like insuperable, 
inseparable, etc , which would not be sufficiently distinct from 
superable, separable, etc. 

103.- INTER, INTRO, ENTER:^enterprise,T^ interchange. 
l__^introductioii7"^^ uninterrupted,-^^ intermission. 

104.— [detached] MAGNA, MAGNI, MAGNO : -^--> magna- 
nimous,"Vl magnify j-^/^magnolia. 



28 

io5.-Ni -UNDER: .v.. ..undertake, -^-^- undervalue, ->;r?_ undermine, 
--T**^ misunderstand. 

SUFFIXES. 

1 06. ING [terminal syllable] denoted by a light dot; and the 
plural, INGS, by alight dash: ! actuating,. x. -assisting,^, connecting; 
:7^mornings, \- - -trappings. They are not used where the stroke 
form is more convenient :/ - choosingj^T.^ robbing, -^u -readings, 
rising. 

107. J [down] SHIP:~^. scholarshipj^.hardships, ^1 midshipman, 
•^friendship,.^ steamship, ?.< apostleship, .7. transshipment. 

108. <^ [joined] WARD, WORT, W A RT::'Srr:. backward, 
\i soapwort, -f^^ stalwart j""^^ . awkwardness. 

109. «r [joined] YARD: ^-^courtyard,^. steelyard ,Trf. stockyard, 
no. ALrrY, ILITY, ARITY, etc., is expressed by writing 

detached from the preceding part the stroke that comes immediately 
before the ALITY, ILITY, etc.:X principality, r^V illegibility, 
Vybarbarities,/\ liberality ,/'*\recipr ocality,^| fidelity,"^-" frugality, 
7"majority j"^/ fragili ryTN-yirregularity, V ^ormality,</^ originality, 
\^plurality,Xi brutality ,-^mortality,l_'| ductility,^ neutrality ,<^V^er- 
vility, T instrumentality. Note. " -*" may also denote MENTAL : 
/] rudimental. 

111. - [joined] MENT, used only where "^" will not connect 
legibly : >^ sl, announcement, r^.alignmentTV arraignment>-«^ com- 

m.encement. 

♦♦ 

112. The following are used both as prefixes and suffixes — 
[a.] _*". _ AFTER: >f'- .afternoon,. ^.hereafter, ^tI afterwards. 

[b.] ° SELF, o SELVES:"Lself-denial,-v^self-esteem, Vself-control. 
Written connectedly, as suffixes, in a few grammalogues. 
8. Elision of Consonants. 

113. Omit obscurely sounded consonants. E.g. — 

[a.] P, between M and T or SH: C thumped, V pumpedj'Nr^ pre- 
sumption. 

[b.] T, between S and another consonant:.'^--- lastly,]--^ testimony, 
1^ testament. 



29 

{c] D^ before J:^ adjacent, Z_^ adjective. 

[d.] K or G, between two other consonants:lh^distinctly,^ anxious, 
^^ sanction^^inger,^lingered,CrT^.longer,\^^ bankrupt,^-t England, 
[e.] R, in surprise and its derivatives:.^^- surprise,?^, surprising. 

114. R, L, N, or [rarely] S, may be elided to avoid a long 
outline or awkward joining :"V-v phraseography [not'V-^'V.], 
--oi-^manuscriptjN — ^ postscript, '^ ministry,''^* explicit A danger, 
'^ messenger, ^ passenger, \ stranger, 1 transfer, 1 transpose, 

3"-^ transmission, 1 transplanted,! — ^ transcript,]-© transgress, 
1-i "transgression [1_»-^ transaction]. 

115. [a.] CON, COM, COG, CUM [§ loi] is dropped, in 
long words, where its omission would not endanger legibility: U in- 
considerate, \ accomplish, ^ inconsistent, I. conscientious, 
^^«wp^ incommensurability. But \^ compatriot^^.^ patriot; V con- 
firm, Vfirm-, etc. 

[b.] The dot H, and nominal consonants, ordinarily need not 
be expressed :V'^V^olyhedral, '\.^ comprehend ;.^{r:^E. Johnson, 
-'•.£?y _U. Brown. 

9. Grammalogues and Contractions, 
grammalogues. 

116. The particles of speech [prepositions, articles, etc.], and 
other words of frequent use, are by phonographers termed Gram- 
malogues. The natural outline has been retained where it is legible, 
sufficiently brief, and admits of easy joining [for the purposes of 
phraseography] ; in other cases such deviation, substitution, or 
abridgment has been made as was necessary to fulfill those conditions. 
§ lood. 

117. TABLE OF GRAMMALOGUES. 

Learner's style X 

Corresponding style Jandf 



- - .at, ant 


-".ago,t got 


?:!. approve 


Vable 


-•-.aht 


^are: 


\, abovet 


\.m 


A.ast, hasX 


r. .according! 


^ amount 


-Latf 


-, accountt 


071 {see a) 


. . .aught, ought, awef 


I advantaget 


-. -(up) and t 


i^away, way, weigh, we + 


>..aflert (§ 112a) 


^.anyt, in J 


awe (aught) 



\ ayT(Ai. yes) 
. ayet (ever), eht 

\ bet 

rr". because t 

^ beent 

-^ belief, believe, believed 

-1 , beyondt 
s, build, building 
i butt 

>..byt 

'r-.caiit 

f-_ .called 
7~-CanJ 
r^. _ cannot t 
c — caret 
e- cared 
r_-cart 
7 chair 
_?. cheer 
_^. child 

J~_ Christian (adj.) 
anity 
cold {equaled) 
— comet [ N 



C 



3° 



eitherf 
c — equalt, equallyt 

t- equaled, cold 

^evert,everyt (what, when) 

^evil 

.^.eyet, 1% 

•;fy first! 
. ^ fort 
"^ fromt 

J general!, generally 

C generation 
. - .gentlemanf 

J gentlemenf 

_ givet, given t 

6«_glorification 

«_ glorified, glorify, glory 

go (ago) 



Christi- 



become, 



_-rt overcome, i'"~" wel-.^ 



•".Godt 
<- gold 
- goodf 
«. greatt 
*"_ guard 
.Lhadf 
.V_half 
handf 

come-d, - 1- - - outcome,-^- happen 
^^ unbecoming, _>_ happyt 
■^.^^^ unwelcome, etc.] has {as) 
^ could t ^havet 

1 deart i het (did) 

I did (vocalize, when he *v» heaven 
precedes or follows) ^ her 

/..high (? 



_| .difference t , differentt 
[ ^- -indifferent, indif- 
ference ; ^M^- indiffer- 
ently, etc.] 
|__diflacultt 
Idifiacultyt 
I dot 
J- doctort 
i donef 
-l downt 
-l.duringf 
7 .eacht 
eh {aye) 



improvementt 
in {any) 
influencet 
is {his) 
1 itt 
I _ itself 

^_/ know, not , own 
^.languaget 
f_ .larget [ V^ enlarge^ J 
/^let 
^- liberty 

/:. light 

/^Lordt 
, — N mayt 
'71". me^ , my t 

^ meet, meeting 

"X membert , remembert , 

remembered t 
c-^ meret, Mr.t 

n jnet, mightt 
r^.moret 
T^jmost 

Mr. {mere) 

...mucht 

my {me) 
>^ nation (vocalize notion-^ ) 

- nature t 
"=^-^ neart 
rr^neithert 

no {know) 
'y:^. nor X 
_1 _nott 



3) 

^-^ himt 
o hist, is t 
<s^ holy 
.^Jiour, ourt 
^ house 

A howt [^TZ- anyhow, 
s^ . nohow] 
i-i . however t 

I {eye) 
'v^ift 

^_ importance t , important! 
^.-^ improve t , improved^ 



-^now 

ry^number t , numbered t 
_*_.Ot , oht , owetD^owing] 
.\ .oft [_%iereof, t^whereof 

7 thereof, etc.] 
S^.often 
oh {O) 
_ - .ont(upon) 

c/'onet 

^^ opinion t 

•s opportunity t 
'>..ort 

C other r 



ought {aught) 

our {hour) 
.l_outt 
- - - overt 

owe (O) 

own {know) 

particular t 

"^ Phonography t 
) pleasuret 

.V jjrincipalt , principle-dt 
v. putt 
.7 .quite t 

^^^rathert , writer t 
y.- religion 

remember-ed {member) 
'^Saviour, severalt 
?1. .scent, sent 
^TTScripture 
a- secret 
A.-seet juset (n.) 

sent {scent) 

several {Saviour) 
J shallt, shaltt 
.f. short: 
^ (up) shouldl 
) sot, ust 
<r- somewhat 
.SL. speak 

\ special, specially 
cVs spiritt 
1 strength 
_^.sure 
J tell 



31 

/ theirj, therej 
( themt, they 
there {their) 
. Vthereforet 
-^ - these t, thus, youths 

they {titeyn) 
>^ thingt, young 
( thinkt 

third 
C thist . 

.^.thoset 
v. thought , thy 

thought 

!\. throught 
thus {these) 
thy {though) 
.f -till 
X toj 
r told* 
% toot , twot 

1 toward t 
?. tried 
.l.truet 

1 truth t 

two {too) 
w undert (g 105) 
\upt 
\upont (and so with 3 



'_ . thankt, thankedt [C*^ 

thanksgiving] 
---that: 
. thej. 



thereon 
- fx- hereon) 
us {so) 

use, n. {see) 
_\.uset (v.)i whoset 
y usual t , usually 
^ veryt 
c^ wait, weight 
^T.want 



, O^''^ whereon, ?._yard (§ 



) wast 
way {away) 
we {aivay) 
weigh {away) 
iveight {wait) 
<r^ well, will t 
«^ went, won't 
_ 1 -whatt [ ^ whatever t ] 
c when1:[- ^ whenever t ; 
cX3 whensoever] 
C>^ whether t 

/ which + 
. _^while+ 
2^ whither 

/ who* 
/--^whom 

whose {use, v.) 
. _-whyt 

will {well) 
.l.wish 

.'.with ^[./.within, < with- 
outt.'>5 herewith, ^ there- 
with, <^-''''^^ wherewith," 
etc.] 

wonH {vjent) 
> wordt 
:> would t 
writer {rather) 



109) 



c^ye 

r^x^yeart 
c^yes 
^ yett 
r. yout 

young {thingi 
^ yourt 
./.youth 

youths {these) 



118. The few derived words in brackets in the foregoing table 
are exceptions to § 94. Nearly all other derivatives of grammalogues 
are regular; e. g. — t advantages [from ADVANTAGE],L advantage- 
^i/j [§ 84], V dis3idv3int2igeous, etc. ]'^^]mosf,:r>^er/in,') thereat, 
cy^ wheretOy k ity,-S»^-believ<?M,^r\ . ?///believ///^, - - ^ - believrt/'/<f . 



32 
J generab>^/)5, . J- _ <?^^/general, j geneializafion] I ^^generation, 

^ r^generationpNl«_j, /org'wtness,.^ — w/i-give^C^^m a/msgiving, 
iy. ?^;^happy,^^happi/>' [.r'Vhaply],^^-'holi;2^^i-,v_-^ z/«holy^s^^^w^- 
ho\v,^^_2^«important>^^«/'/improve-d,^-t,improvementi'^-influence//, 
^T:*'^- innuenc/;;^;r'rrv _ ?///inflaen//^/, /-larger^ large;z<?j'j'^-A' enlarged, 
^en\2irgemen^,/yiordshi/>,.. ..landlord^ member^/^/>,'\ remembr^>^r^ , 

1^ dismQmhtTment,-Yn3.l\irally, .y-mituralization^ her^TWher^^^, 
.^.hours, ouTs,^,^4\.o\irse//, .^-onrse/ves [§ ii2b'],SZJ- myse//,^^h.\m- 
se//,'^'^onese//,iot\\Qmse/ves,yLXhyse//,'^ youTjy\youTse//,~^ your- 
selves^ y for^i-.';2//i:/^,Tf .most/y,. _ -onre/iZ/'r/,^-mK/iZ/-</,>r^z//zprincipled , 
__^.over7£/^^/;;/,V^— phonographkjV^phonograph^r, V ^/j-pleasure, 

/.relig/^?/i",.- shortHAND, No <^^peak;^-2/«speaka(^/K, 1 ^pecial-ly, 
.T^ «//thank/2////fi'j,_-l-thank/<?j'i',tT^-ANYthing,v..-^^N0thing [no 
thing]j--^.^vjNOthing«(?xi",<r---'i'^;//(?thing,"~X. «;zthinkz«^, ""^ ?/;;ztruth- 
/z^/;z^i-j',.y-.\vhoSO, J wish^^ [loob], > use^, «>«^ younger. Note — 
Where necessary to avoid clashing, employ << | " with the past tense 
of regular verbs: "They-L-OUTnumber the enemy" . . . ''They 
-L - -OUTnumber^^/ the enemy." 

'119. TABLE OF CONTRACTIONS. 

To facilitate memorizing, similar contractions are grouped 
together. 

Corresponding style f 

abstractive [architect]. 

U^ administrator ,Uv_-» administratrix ;^ — /^executor, _a—i> executrix. 

J advertise, advertised, advertisement^ baptize, baptized, baptist, 
baptism. 

rrragriculture, agricultural; — ^ expenditureT^expensive. 

^ altogetherf; > togetherf . 

trrr antagonist, antagonistic, antagonism; ""^Calvinism. 

\ applicable, applicability ; Y^ assemble, assembly, assembled ; 

"^capable ; V favorable, favorably ;rr^ impossible")-; "^ indis- 
pensable, indispensably ; X probablef, probablyf , proba- 
bilityf ;/Vesponsible5Asensible, sensibilityf^ unquestionable, 
unquestionably 



33 

~\ arbitration. 

-^ archbishop. 

A-.^architect-j', architecturefr^\expect|, expectedf] \ unexpected, 
unexpectedly; '~^ imperfect, imperfection;"^ inspect, in- 
spected, inspection; \ objectf ; '\o prospect|;/\respectf , re- 
spectedf; c^ suspect, suspected, suspicious; \ subjectf;\ sub- 
jective,\ abstract ive7^~_, architective,*^ circumspective, J de- 
structive, I introductive, \ obstructive,'^ productive'^/^* per- 
spective, %? prospective, 'N^ protractive,/'^espective,/*lre- 

strictive,^^ retrospective. 
^ aristocratic, aristocracy. 
I assemble, assembly, assembled [applicable]. 

i:r_astonish, astonished, astonishment;^distinguish, distinguished; 
t^extinguisKT^ \^ inextinguishable;/^relinquish. 

baptize, baptized, baptist, baptism [advertise]. 

V_^enevolence, benevolent. 

V^—benignant, benignity ;~~Vcovenant;/\_repugnant, repugnance ; 
' — indignant, indignation;/^'^resignation. 
Vabinet. 

Calvinism [antagonist], 
capable [applicable]. 

rr^captain. 

'~TCatholicf;\ publicf, publishf, publishedf. 
oA^ertificate. 
^rrrcharacterf, rrrTr characteristic. 

circumspective [architect]. 

I circumstance, L<7 circumstantial. 
rfI^commercial;l_, essentialf , essentiallyf-;V>-- financial;*^ prejudice, 
prejudiced, prejudicial;^^ substantialj^'N' unsubstantial. 

conform, conformed [inform]. ^ — ' ' 

U constitutional, U unconstitutional, 
b construction; J destruction-f; U instruction-|-;\| obstruction, ob- 

striction. 
ly contingency;!^ deficiency;VJefficient, efficiencyiV^ inefficient, 
inefficiently, inefficiency'X^proficiency ;^^ufficient, sufficiency. 
J^ controversy, controversial, 
covenant [benignant]. 

J^ December; v-^ September p^November;^ January; VTTebruary: 
-^^ March. 



34 
I — defective]\/~prerogative. 
I defendant. 

deficiency [contingency]. 

U^__ democracy, democratic. 

I — descriptionTV-s. indescribableTt — indiscriminate;^ - inscribe, 
^.inscription; V- subscribe,\-=> subscription-j*;%— superscribe, 
\j3 superscription. 

destruction [construction], 
destructive [architect]. 

L dignity, dignify, dignified;*:;signify, signified, significant, signi- 

cance;tr?-insignificance,!T?.signification. 
Id discharge. 

disinterested, disinterestedness [interest]. 

J^^dissimilar;^--v familiar, familiarity;/^^ regularf)v — peculiar^ pe- 
culiarityf ;<;...— singular, 
distinguish, distinguished [astonish]. 

(| doctrinef. 
l-j^domesticf. 
^ecclesiastic, ecclesiastical. 

efficient, efficiency [contingency]. 
^ English,"^!^ Englishman, 
""^enthusiasm, enthusiast, enthusiastic. 
\— Episcopal, Episcopal ianT^exampl^TfTT^ unexampled. 

) ^ esquire. 

essential, essentially [commercial]. 

1 establish|, establishedf , establishmentf . 
^^.^ evangelical. 

example [Episcopal]. 

"T exchequer. 

executor, executrix [administrator]. 
exi>ect, expected [architect]. 
exi>enditure, expensive [agriculture], 
[-^extemporaneous. 

extinguish [astonish]. 

\^extraordmary]S/'^^reliminary. 
"~\ extravagance, extravagant. 

familiar, familiarity [dissimilar], 
favorable, favorably [applicable]. 
Febriiary [December], 
financial [commercial]. 

""^governt, governedf, govern mentf. 
.i'^^^henceforth,^^''^ henceforward; v_p thenceforward. 
. — ^ immediate^. 

imperfect, imperfection [architect]. 



35 

'""^imperturbable. 

impossible [applicable], 
impracticable [practice]. 

''"'N-i mpr eg n able: 
"V indefatigable. 
' — indenture. 
_"!>- independent, independence. 

indescribable [description], 
indignant, indignation [benignant], 
indiscriminate [description], 
indispensable, indispensably [applicable], 

r^-individualjV^ perpetual, perpetually; "X professional, 

inefficient, ineflftciently, inefficiency [contingency], 
inextinguishable [astonish], 

""^inform, informed, informationt; V^ conform, conformed; 

X. platform;\/^ performf , performedf,V\j> performs, per- 
formance,V\,:^performer5.'^reform|, reformedf, ^^V refor- 
mationf,/V-j-eformerf;<^'^niformf, uniformityj. ^ 

inscribe, inscription [description], 
insignificance [dignity], 
inspect, inspected, inspection [architect], 
instruction [construction], 

> insubordinate, insubordination. 
7 intelligence. 
^ interestf;k^ disinterested, disinterestedness. 

introductive [architect], 

^^ investment •V' Parliamentf; parliamentaryf , 

January [December], 
J^ journalism, 

J jurisdiction. 

o7 jurisprudence. 
T^kingdomf. 

^ knovvledgef. 

/^lieutenancy. 
^-^«. magazinef . 
rinmagnetic, magnetism. 

^ majesty, 
Vv^manufacture, manufacturedp'"''^^^ manufacturer. 

March [December] . 

\ mathematic, mathematics, mathematical, mathematically, 
1. mathematician. 

^-> .mechanic, mechanical. 

,-Vmelancholy. 
^?rt Methodism. 



36 

-^^ metropolitan. 
I misdemeanor. 
mTmistakef. 
T^ mortgage, mortgaged. 
T^neglectf , neglectedf . 

~~Vneverf ,^ neverthelessf [write the -- N first]. 
-^ nextf. 
H' notwithstanding! [write the — N first]. 

November [December], 
object [architect]. 

\_obsciirity. 

\y observation fv^ preservation. 

obstriction, obstruction [construction], 
obstructive [architect]. 

^"u-, organize, organized [^..^ organization]. 
x/ original; 1 tribunal. 



A orthodox, orthodoxy. 



Parliament, parliamentary [investment]. 

peculiar, peculiarity [dissimilar] . 

perform, performed, performs, performance, performer [inform]. 

\/\ perpendicular. 

perpetual, perpetually [individual]. 
perspectiv3 [architect], 

^^.y^ philanthropy, philanthropic ,V^ philanthropist. 
<^ plaintiff. 

platform [inform]. 

\ plenipotentiary. 
"N practice^, practical^, practicallyf^^T^^ . impracticable. 

prejudice, prejudiced, prejudicial [conilmercial]. 
preliminary [extraordinary] . 
prerogative [defective]. 

"No Presbyterian, PresbyterianisnU. 

preservation [observation]. 

probable, probably, probability [applicable]. 

productive [architect] . 

professional [individual]. 

proficiency [contingency] . 

'X proportion, proportioned ^v^ proportionate. 

prospect, prospective [architect] . 

protractive [architect]. 

public, publish, published [Catholic]. 

/ Tfecognizance. 

reform, reformed, reformation, reformer [inform], 
regular [dissimilar], 
relinquish [astonish]. 

remarkf , remarkedf , remarkablef , remarkablyf . 



37 
y^ representf, representedt,'<:::> representationt»/^representativet. 

repugnant, repugnance [benigrnant] . 

resignation [benignant]. 

respect, respected, respective [architect] . 

responsible [applicable], 

restrictive [architect]. 

'^'^resurrection. 

retrospective [architect]. 

^-A^ revenue, Reverendf . 
I satisfactiont,l^satisfactoryf,dsatisfactorily. 
J selfish, selfishness. 

sensible, sensibility [applicable]. 

September [December]. 

signify, signified, significant, significance, signification [dignity]. 

singular [dissimilar]. 

subject, subjective [architect]. 

subscribe, subscription [description]. 

\^ subservient. 

substantial [commercial], 
sufficient, sufficiency [contingency], 
superscribe, supersciiption [description], 
suspect, suspected, suspicious [architect]. 

I^tabernacle. 
Uv temperance. 

thenceforward [henceforth], 

^ thwart. 

together [altogether]. 

i^ transubstantiation, 

tribunal [original]. 

<;^"'^unanimityf, unanimousf. 

unconstitutional [constitutional], 
unexampled [ Episcopal ] . 
unexpected, unexpectedly [architect] . 
uniform, uniformity [inform], 
unquestionable, unquestionably [applicable], 
unsubstantial [commercial]. 

^'^^wonderful, wonderfully. 
^ yesterday f, 

120. NUMBERS [§ 8] : ^ hundred, C thousand, ^ million, 

\ billion. E. g,, 2--^ = 200 ; 6( = 6,000 ; Ty')^, « 33,000,000 ; 

5\=*5>oc)Oj00o>ooo; 2v^ -- 200,000; 8 — .-»8oo,ooo,ooo; etc. 

121. What has been said in § 94 and 118, Note, applies also to 
contractions. E, g.V^ \ /^capable, ''"'*\ /wprobable, //^probably, 
////probability, ^\ /rresponsible^^ u!ioh]tctionabiey \ object/z'^, 
]r\ disxts^tcXful-ly^^^"^^ respect/i'^/v,'^^\ respecta^/*?, respect^/^/r, 

~^ /rrespective/v7\ /rrespective,^r^--astonish///^/y',V public*/- 



38 

fion,^^^repuh\[c, rq)ublish-ed,'"~^ «;2published, ^""^ rep\ib\ican, 
^ly\no/arypu blic7v->^ /«sufficient-cy7^u-/^ irregulsit/y r^ — v^ ptisgov- 
ern-ed-ment,^ "^ af^zinformedf"**^"^ w/Vinform-ed, ^ conformi/y, 
\A. perform^^//?, ^ intelligen/^ «//intelligi^/?->;— n» ««interest<fr/, 
"^A/«/?parliamentary,^^/<?r^knowledgePV^^knowledgep-r<i<rknowl- 
edge^,'^r?r?.mistake;z5V\w/j-represent-edj--^A?^«representedyV^w/V- 
representation,b ///i-satisfactioiijt ^/Vsatisfactorily7fl/;/satisfactorily, 
t7?/«selfish-nesft-^ /«temperanc^r~V»/«sensible, ///sensibility,'^ fnis- 
construction^"^.^-. ?/;/familiar-ity,^"\^ ?/«essentiai, J^^ ?^//suspected, 
«^«suspicious, > 2/«prejudiced, "~"\^ z^«favorable-y. 



122. In reporting scientific lectures, addresses on special topics* 
legal proceedings, etc., wherein certain words peculiar to tbe subject- 
matter may be expected to occur frequently, the writer should prepare 
beforehand [or extemporize at the time] suitable contractions, upon 
the basis of those given in the foregoing list. 

lo. Phraseography and Ellipsis. 

123. The practice of uniting the outlines of two or more con- 
curring words is termed Phraseography, and such groups of outlines 
are called Phraseograms. A juaicious use of Phraseography greatly 
conduces to saving of time and consequent increase of speed, to 
economy in space, and to ease in reading. This last feature is due to 
the peculiar distinctiveness of phraseosjrams, and to their compactness 
by which the eye takes in at one glance what it would otherwise have 
to traverse perhaps half a line to see. Phraseograms should be fluent, 
lineal, and legible [§ 70]. It is preferable that no single one comprise 
more than six words, and these such as are commonly associated tbgether 
or closely connected in sense; as e. g., a noun or verb and its modi- 
fiers, a nominative pronoun and its predicate, a preposition and its 
cLject, etc. Most of the grammalogues are particularly well adapted 
to phraseographic combinations. 

124 Ordinarily the first word of a phraseogram is written in 
position and the other words joined, regardless of their position : 
— all that you can, . _ and he,- . -and is, and has,S^at any time, 
Vy attorney general,V-^ bona fidcv^-.by means of,-^ could not, 
.^each one, C/'which oiTe,<^^-first instant,^^ — <r-^ for example^^from 
liability,6^ generation after generation, *-=-^,^- he may be considered, 



39 
\-^Her Majesty,.fi .is it, is at,Lit is not, it has notjK^/-^— ^t seems to 
require, L it should be, I it would be,^ just now,^ Lord's day, 
/A. Lord's prayer, --*>^ay be, s^- Mr. Chairman, .c-ir^ .Mr. Smith, 
^jt\^ .Mr. Speaker,'Trt* . . my Christian friend,^*.^--i-neplus ultra, 
\ . _ .■.o*clock,^^£>ur Saviour, ^ shall be,v^-should be, ) so that it is 
impossiblerL_Sunday-school,V''^~^there are some, V^ the?e may be, 
/-..these things,Sf_ those things, ^ ^this conclusion, 3?>—-^ thirty- 
three million miles, 2 > ^ two hundred pounds, xC^ two thousand 

dollars, -Y- to have,N. to which you are indebted, j, towards them, 

\ upon its ownJV^very respectfullyj'X very truly, ,,^^ we are, 
</Su»^we have seen,t when he was, c^*^ where do you reside, 

4.^which is now, which has now, //'which we, / which would be, 
/^ which you are, _t-. who would have^^will become ,>^ . -years ago, 
r!^Cscholar-like,. ^ _ to-day ,^^-^to-morrow,,v-^ you may,,v-^ you must, 
"^X^your honorTv^yours truly. 

125. If, however, the first word is a tick, a loop, a half length 
stroke, or a horizontal stroke, in the first position, and is followed by 
a full-length oblique stride, the former is raised or lowered to accom- 
modate its position to that of the latter. This places both words in 
position: d all circumstances,'V^ and have, -^- as much as possible, 
-^is^ fearTt in satisfactionT^X my dear sir,M nor is it/L—^f course 
it is not expected, I with its,>U^vith which yqu may be,_^.-that is 
to be,-^ought to bej.Vafter these, C after this,-S_after those, ^ I do, 
-_.I had, ; I say,Al see,-i-with each, / with which .L.with much. 

126. Phraseograms which otherwise would clash should be 
vocalized: Jl_ at last, ... at least/rT>. by him/^. by me,y-- .he would 
no doubt, ^.he would indeedT^in heavenT'^in vain. 

127. / is abbreviated to "^" before words to which the full 
form will not connect legibly; and, under like circumstances, wi// is 
abbreviated to ''/^" :^ ^I am inclined to think,^. 1 can,---I call, 
— 1 regret, \_1 believe, \^-^-,-I fear you will haver~(/"I know they 
will, _ -J will, V\ there will beTV^yvery well pleased ,wO*you will say. 

128. T/ie, medially and finally, is represented by *'- ", struck 
whichever direction will secure the better joining: A. at thers"ever- 



40 
theless the\ above the,.-^ among the,/^ are the,\ be the,rrf. because 
the, "^ been the^v-, being the, V, for the^V from the, -^ make the, 
rrrTneither the,), towards the, ^ under the,) was the,c^ where the, 
A.had the,., that the, ^ without the,l.allthe,-''-andthe,-/ should the, 
..Vas the, has^the,/.is the,.. ..of the, > to the,. . ..with the, ? when the, 
.. .what the, V would the. Note: Aiid^ when not initial, is repre- 
sented by a horizontal or vertical dash. Compare \ . .by the bye, 
\v .by and by; 'S-. for the government, ^ God's character 

and government-Tl..m the east, i^ east and west. Slightly slope on^ 

/)uf, when they precede the: on the, ^^ but the. 

1 29= The loop SES or a compound stroke may represent parts, 

or the whole,of two words: as is, as has, as his, has his, o is as, is 

his, his is,T7?^ as soon as possible, ViP^'th is is necessary, L it is said, 
^in this cityj'^^Q^ for his sake,--_4these circumstances, «^yes, sir, 
/| because such,^.as well as [§ 60], v* as we havesaid,*^ instead^ of, 

at any rate, -"i.. at once,-L-Out of,-\^- to be, c who have, / which 

have, ^ such have been,) they are,-Lat all, i^.. at all events,7?.at all 
timeSj'r^at times,r!L. time-tablep---^ from time to time,*v.^some time, 
-TT^.time to tirae,rr7-my timejt?". ..Almighty God ,"T^^_... language 

of my text,v- able to make,^ if it become, x till it has been,-%.of 

which it has been, <l for it, 'u for its,''~t^ of course it will not be, 
5 they are not,Z- which you are not, *^if it be notTTV^r.cannot receive, 
did n't think, did not think, C. do n't think, do not think [write 
not, don'ty in first position],.^, had not known, U it may not be, 
-?..or not,-^..is it not,f^.more than, \, better than, -^^ rather than, 
<-^greater than^ sooner than, C other than^:^^^^- smaller than,Olower 
thanPi further than, Sv^^ .farther than,_4y higher than jCTT^ .longer than, 
^stronger than,-^.our own, "^ your own,*^ her osvn, } their own, 
A. whose own,tf->4Some one,^ let us try, V. have theU, V_,^if there be, 
-X.I think there is,-jl..I wish theU ,trrr.in their,. A.. I say there has 
been,. (..though there will,.^yupon the^^e,--0- while there is, t well 
there is, '^^ for there has been,\ be sure thevl,"^ from theu , 
V^a_ for their sake, -N^.. been theu,""^ — \ 1 know there has been, 
y shall the ii,-^).. through theUj-.V through their own, V^,,.,-^ what- 



•X 



41 

ever there were,*^. .whenever there were, '^-^"'^ wherefore there is, 

r?>.or the^ij-l-was theu,V before theU, ^A will be theji, 
^will theii ,'!-rs..^.^..at his or their request,V-^^^-^or some reason 
or other ,"?^r~^. or some other. 

130. [a.] A letter may be elided [in accordance with § 113- 
115], the regular outline may be displaced by one different in form, 
or an unimportant word may be omitted [ELLIPSIS], for the sake of 
legibility, brevity, or ease of joining: <Lj, it has been suggested, 
^.p'^^necessary consequences,. -s^,.. hear, "^ hear, V^ Virgin Mary, 
Wnon-conformist,^.grand jury,/S — O^abeas Corpus,''*^^-v. I have 
been told,^^ Lord's-supperjNs — ^ post-card,^> postage-stamps, 
\5^post-hastefr!^TT^_last month's account,(T>--last year,^^-last 
week,v_>— next \veek,(a_ this week,. -v^. next day, j£ old style, -y*- new 
style ,A^reporting style,0_>Jearner's style,«^-\^ corresponding style, 

^<ji^ice-presi den t,£/^^^ West IndiesX-- -by last train, in my 

last letter,^... to the best advantage,<Tit-^must expect, A>s^ which 
must be considered ,''^*\most probable-yTT^ .almost alwayspT^most 
importantjWl-. post mortem, -iT'. ..much more, ^ worth while, 
o-'V^wheresoever there is, C this will, y this will not,rf-- dining- 
room,:^. . drawing-room,)'^^^dressing-room,y|^,^r^.reading-room^VO I 
dare say,<j^^ holy word,«-c/ his own words, 4 ...these words, V other 
words, V .few wordsJVr^ hope you will, 1 it is wellknown,"^ my 

fellow-citizens, on my part, von your part,-V-to be assured,\^so 

much, J which he,V..as long as,-Sr— f.any longer than [§ 81, Note], 
-w..no longer than ,^^ anything else^--=—;'.. nothing less,/^ Lord's 
house ,/(0 earthly house, / which appear, k. it appears that,-r7«v^must 

appear, v_p^ no, sir [. answer], C-_ on this occasionp^t^enclosed 

letter,- -\. all states,.<% rolling stock, \i_g^ business statement,V^ so- 
called, ^<^race-horse,>y^''*-', what were their reasons, ^ which were 
not, -<^^. who wereTil-B income tax. Von the contrary,.Ss,^.at the present 
day,^L,^^for the purpose o^S-o^ for the sake of,Si| for the first time, 
"^n the first placep~\o in the next placeV""^ ii'i the second place, 
"T in the third place,!^_.in the last place, -'^. .on the part ofT^^'hat 
can be the reason, ^Tl. on the one side,..!, at the last day,rrr..at the 
right hand of God,.T. ..according to,-^'"'"'^' referring to your letter. 



42 



"V^I appeal to the Court, ought to have, --^- would have been, 

<r>^ seems to have been, is,^^^^ it appears to have been,~"^- . cause and 

effect,rm .more and more,'^^''^ ways and means, /^ ladies and gen- 
tlemen^^ church and state^<a-^ best knowledge and belief, V forever 
and ever,— a—, again and again, •e^^t^^'"- ^^^ Mrs. ,'\v^ member of 
ParliamentJV-s member of (^ongress,lT7!- act of Congress, "^sp short 
space of time,y=v^epistle of Paul jlYTyrapostle Paul],Q — ^Son of man, 
CTyr^.as a matter of course ,'fr^ articles of religion,. ..child of God, 
tf-^^holy of holies,'^''*^^i_«i-in the presence of God,^!!^. in the word of 
God,_^^rrr. -in the words of my text, \3 — irspiration of Scripture, 
"Vact of Parliament,\/^bill of sale,- j_ city of London ,'---v^ freedom 
of trade, J^. .point of view , -V . - passage of Scripture,K> water of life, 
]^tree of life, ^ way of sal vationj^^TTT?. .article of agreement, 
' l/^ am in receipt of your letter, U- contempt of Court, -^courts 
of law7^s,^vCin the year of our Lord ,«>^ verdict for the defendant, 
>> verdict for the plaintiff,frC.more or less, .w .two or threeT^ lan- 
guage of the textp>^ verdict of the jury,^-?^ nations of the earth, 

^•^*^esurrection of the deadj^^r--'^^^ Saviour of the world,""v- y^rk 

of the covenant)^>i>^face of the earth )v__p peculiar circumstances of 
the case,// gentlemen of the jury, [b.] The phrase 0/ the may also 
be omitted BETWEEN two outlines or phraseograms. In this case 
the omission is intimated by writing the two outlines or phraseograms 
close together:fj__city of the dead,irf «.at the close of the contest. 

131. A title, the name of an organization, or a like phrase, 
may be abbreviated by writing a part [usually the first stroke] of one 
word through or beside the remaining word or words, thus:V^phono- 
graphic society,!^ temperance society, rin"- agricultural society, 

^phonetic society,/?: .law society, X liberal party, <X conservative 
party, UrV democratic party, /\^republican party ,-:''^'^ Captain 
Reynolds,'t_y Colonel Dixon7^x^>-- Prof. Thompson,^ Major Jones, 
YXPennsylvania Rail Road,.— — c^Mexican Railway,V^lair County, 
\X) pension department,<^-«*^^ chancery division, '\\ superintendent 
of public schools. 

132. Official designations, salutations, famiiiar phrases, technical 



43 
terms, etc., are contracted in the manner indicated below, where the 
full form is not sufficiently brief:^lord chancellorjVy, vice-chancel lor, 
/^chancellor of the exchequer^V^.^ prime minister, .7. .chief justice, 
n. lord chief justice,./ justice of the peace,^. .high court of justice, 
W^non-commissioned officer,/^"'"" lieutenant-colonel,/ general super- 
intendent,/^ general manager^^^VS\- right reverend bishop,!^ dear 
brother,""^ my brotherJ~\^my beloved friends7^\iny dear brethren , 
^A^y beloved brethren,*^rfrr:'. honorable senator,'T?TOmy honorable 
fr lend, ^J^. honorable gentleman,""^ honorable member,. ^-^. ..may it 
please your honor, .-:,5^ may it please your lordship7f'l>r'.in the same 
manner^L in this manneiy^jn the manner,f''^'^^satisfactory manner , 

"'S — vji^ the prescribed manner^?->r^.in like manner, all manner 

of wa)^, ^Z- such a manner, ^^o^having regard to the,^^in reference 
to the,^..in regard to^t in relation to^ in respect to,---with reference 
to^^-with regard to^i^.with respect to^..with relation to^rT.in fact, 
^^..in point of fact'^T^.another fact^TTT.as a matter of fact,""^ matter 
of form, ton this subjectT^anoiher subject, Vj for instance,, .on the 
other hand,!'., in order to,.yrf.to a great e-\tent,v^to a certain e xtent, 
v^— to a great degree.V^ce verst,Wiva vcce,Aa. m."^p. m.,— O. K., 
^north and south^-^^national reform,Vi^ financial reforn?^^spelling 

reform, shorthand writerSjCTTrr*. master mechanic, V/^ fellow 

creature,/; Old Testament [.v«i..Ne\v Testament]^ Vomnipotence of 
God, '"^omniscience of God;""^ omnipresence of God ,<A<i just ice 
mercy and truth, <$' Holy Ghost,/— Jesus Christ,*"/* Christ Jesus, 
^^-rr^ur Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ,So_Sabbath-school,/'^^Roman 
'CatholicTTVr. United Kingdom,-rrr_kingdom of ChristT^^ kingdoms 
of this worldj/^^Lord's kingdonipvy' kingdom of Prussia, /*~ House 
of Commons, fi^ House of Lords, <s'^*^ House of Representatives, 
dAHouse of ParliamentTl-^ counsel for the defence,-^counsel for the 
plaintiff,c_^_j^queen's counsel,*\,^^. breach of promise of marriage 
V_ affidavit of the defendant,oA-tircumstantial evidence, .'^^. cross- 
examme, cross-examined, cross-examination, ?>^. court of bankruptcy, 
l—v^ocumentary evidence,L/l document read, V^Phonetic Journal, 
v^^ew-York City,.<r^^Great Britain,L_Districtof Columbia,^ United 
StateSjNl^ Constitution of the United Statesr^ United States of 
America. 



PART III, 
133. INDEX. 

Alphabet of Phonography g 18-37 

Ajialogy ...93 

Capitals 7 

Consonants 1, I4a, 18-25, 35, 37, 115b 

Contractions 3, lOOd, 119-122 

Derivation 94 

Diphthongs 14c, 26, 28, 30-31 , 36 

Double-lengths .56-58, 80-82 

Elision 3, 113-115 

Ellipsis 3, 130 

Figures 8, 120 

Grammalogiies 3, lOOd, 116-118 

Half-lengths 52-55, 80-82 

H,Dot 69, 115b 

Hooks, Final 45-51, 65, 74, 82, 92 

Hooks, Initial . . .38-44, 91 

Intervocalization. 44, 58 

Introduction •. 1-4 

Loops 59-65, 82 

Method of Study .10 

Outlines, Form 2, 70-97 

Outlines, How Written 23 

Outlines, Position ." 24, 98-100 

Outlines, Vocalization 25 

Phonetic Journal , The 10 

Phonography Defined 1 

Phraseograms, Form 123 

Phraseograms, Position 124-125 

Phraseograms, Vocalization 126 

Phraseography 3, 123-132 

Pitman, Isaac 1 

Prefixes 3, 101-105, 112, 115a 

Punctuation 5-6 

Speed-Practice 11 

Spelling, Phonetic 1 , 13-16 

Spelling, Romanic (common) 16-17 

Styles of Phonography ^ 4 

Suffixes 3,106-112 

Syllabication 83-92 

Ticks 66-68 

Triphthong 26 

Vocalization ■ 25, 29 , 31-36 , 126 

Vowels 2, 14b, 25-37, 98-100 

Writing Materials 9 



Isaac Pitman's Phonography is the standard 
shorthand of the world ; has the swiltest and 
best writers; is eulogized by the press, and 
warmly commended by prominent educators, 
for its simplicity, brevity, and legibility. It 
has seen over half a century of service; has 
been put to every possible test ; is doing 95 per 
cent, of the reporting of the English-speaking 
people ; has been adapted to French, German, 
Dutch, Spanish, Italian, Hindoo, Malagasy, 
and other languages ; is taught in thousands of 
schools, academies, and commercial colleges, 
in every continent on the globe ; supports nu- 
merous weekly and monthly journals and maga- 
zines [illustrated, comic, serial, etc.]; and has 
an extended book-literature ranging from Aesop's 
Fables to the Bible and from child-primers to 
dictionaries. 



^.:!^ 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS • 



027 275 533 4 



